predictive toxicology
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Imunochemické analytické metody jsou nenahraditelnou součástí toxikologie díky svému technickému provedení a rychlosti získání výsledku. Těchto výhod je využíváno převážně v klinické toxikologii, kdy je nutno rychle diagnostikovat, zda se jedná o intoxikaci a jaká noxa tuto intoxikaci způsobila. Široké používání imunoanalytických metod má i své nevýhody a úskalí. Nejobtížnější a zároveň nejproblematičtější je interpretace naměřených dat. Pomocí imunotechnik lze zachytit jen relativně úzké spektrum analytů. Pro hledání neznámé noxy v biologických materiálech je proto nutné použít i jiné analytické screeningové metody. Nálezy získané pomocí imunotechnik je vždy potřeba potvrdit jinou nezávislou metodou. Testy pro záchyt toxikologicky významných nox (drogy i léčiva) jsou zaměřeny na celou skupinu strukturně podobných látek a nelze jednoznačně říci, která noxa otravu způsobila.
Immunochemical analytical methods represent an irreplaceable part of the toxicology for their technical implementation and rapid outcome. These advantages are used predominantly in clinical toxicology for quick diagnose whether intoxication occurs and what has been the cause. A broad application of immunoassays has certain disadvantages and pitfalls too. The interpretation of measured data is the most diffi cult step and brings a lot of problems. The spectrum of drugs detected using immunoassays is relatively narrow. Therefore, the use of other analytical screening procedures is required for searching of unknown compounds in biological materials. Always, the results obtained by immunoassays need to be confi rmed using another, independent method like chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The immunoassays used in toxicology or drug-abuse screening are designed to be broadly cross-reactive with a whole drug group. Therefore, it often impossible to conclude what drug has caused the poisoning.
... CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY 7 -- 2. INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL TOXICOLOGY 13 -- 2.1. ... ... PREDICTION OF EFFECT FROM CHEMICAL STRUCTURE -- AND EVALUATION OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS 25 -- 3.1. ... ... Prediction from chemical structure 26 -- 3.2. Evaluation of animal experiments 26 -- 4. ...
72 s. ; 32 cm
- MeSH
- toxikologie MeSH
- Konspekt
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NLK Obory
- toxikologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- učebnice vysokých škol
Primary rat hepatocytes were used to test acute toxicities of 16 neutral aliphatic alcohols, ketones and esters. Their effects on cell viability and metabolic function (ureogenesis, i.e. biotransformation of ornithine to urea) were measured and expressed as EC50 values. Log EC50 values from both tests correlated with the log partition coefficients for the chemicals between n-octanol and water and log P(ow)-based QSAR models were derived. Log EC50 (viability) tightly correlates with log EC50 (ureogenesis): log EC50 (viability)=0.91 log EC50 (ureogenesis)+0.06. Each of these toxic indices can be substituted by the other one. The toxic indices for both cell viability and metabolic disorder can be estimated using log EC50 for movement inhibition in the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex and the respective QSAR equation. It eliminates a usage of rats. Their correlations were proved and justified.
- MeSH
- barvicí látky MeSH
- fyzikální chemie MeSH
- hepatocyty účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- indikátory a reagencie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- kvantitativní vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- močovina metabolismus MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
- roztoky MeSH
- separace buněk MeSH
- toxikologie metody MeSH
- trypanová modř MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Pharmacological reviews, ISSN 0031-6997 vol. 36, no. 2, suppl., June 1984
182S s. : il., tab., grafy ; 28 cm
- MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NLK Obory
- toxikologie
The physiology of males and females can be vastly different, complicating interpretation of toxicological and physiological data. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the sex differences in the microbiome-gastrointestinal (GI) transcriptome of adult zebrafish. We compared microbial composition and diversity in both males and females fed the same diet and housed in the same environment. There were no sex-specific differences in weight gain nor gastrointestinal morphology based on histopathology. There was no difference in gut microbial diversity, richness (Shannon and Chao1 index) nor predicted functional composition of the microbiome between males and females. Prior to post-hoc correction, male zebrafish showed higher abundance for the bacterial families Erythrobacteraceae and Lamiaceae, both belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. At the genus level, Lamia and Altererythrobacter were more dominant in males and an unidentified genus in Bacteroidetes was more abundant in females. There were 16 unique differentially expressed transcripts in the gastrointestinal tissue between male and female zebrafish (FDR corrected, p < 0.05). Relative to males, the mRNA expression for trim35-9, slc25a48, chchd3b, csad, and hsd17b3 were lower in female GI while cyp2k6, adra2c, and bckdk were higher in the female GI. Immune and lipid-related gene network expression differed between the sexes (i.e., cholesterol export and metabolism) as well as networks related to gastric motility, gastrointestinal system absorption and digestion. Such data provide clues as to putative differences in gastrointestinal physiology between male and female zebrafish. This study identifies host-transcriptome differences that can be considered when interpreting the microgenderome of zebrafish in studies investigating GI physiology and toxicology of fishes.
The substitution of insects for laboratory animals in toxicity testing is likely to become a reality in the framework of prescreening. Haematotoxicological studies of newly developed chemicals, such as food components, drugs, etc. performed on insects can offer advantages in, for example, environmental toxicology. Reliable routine predictions should produce an increase in our knowledge of haemocyte physiology. Although the differences between human physiology and morphology and those of insects are great, the basic functions of insect haemocytes and mammalian leukocytes appear not to have changed during evolution. The use of insects in haematotoxicity assays represents a preclinical testing strategy which will lower costs, accelerate screening and offer ethical benefits.
- MeSH
- alternativy výzkumu na zvířatech MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- hmyz účinky léků MeSH
- krevní buňky účinky léků MeSH
- krevní nemoci chemicky indukované MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
- preklinické hodnocení léčiv metody MeSH
- testy toxicity metody MeSH
- xenobiotika toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
