Vysokoškolská učebnice, která se zaměřuje na základy statistiky.; Publikace přistupuje ke statistice jinak: vysvětluje základní principy bez toho, aby byl čtenář zahlcen vzorci, a popisuje smysl základních statistických metod a veličin. Dokazuje, že statistika není složitá, ale jednoduchá a užitečná.

• MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH

• Conspectus
• Statistika
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NML Fields
• statistika, zdravotnická statistika
• NML Publication type
• učebnice vysokých škol

Kniha pomůže pochopit základní principy a spojitosti v tomto oboru. Vysvětluje základní principy bez toho, aby byl čtenář zahlcen vzorci, a popisuje smysl základních statistických metod a veličin.Dokazuje, že statistika není složitá, ale jednoduchá a užitečná.; Publikace přistupuje ke statistice jinak: vysvětluje základní principy bez toho, aby byl čtenář zahlcen vzorci, a popisuje smysl základních statistických metod a veličin. Dokazuje, že statistika není složitá, ale jednoduchá a užitečná.

We explore the mechanisms of the attitude-behavior paradox and how multiple stakeholders strategize to compromise their attitudes and behaviors. Through an instrumental variable probit model, we examine the effect of income heterogeneity and social ties on the farmers' attitude-behavior paradox for collective action. The empirical results demonstrate that weak and strong ties, income heterogeneity, interaction terms, education, community environment, and community rules negatively affect the paradox, whereas water stealing and water use conflicts positively affect it. After dividing the paradox into two forms, we find that weak ties, the interaction terms thereof, negatively affect the paradox for "having negative attitude but do have behavior", while income heterogeneity negatively affects the paradox for "having positive attitude but no behavior". We contribute to the understanding of mechanisms whereby economic incentives and social structures interplay in addressing the above paradox. We conclude by discussing the implications for policies to overcome this social dilemma.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Attitude MeSH
• Water MeSH
• Farmers * MeSH
• Agriculture * methods   MeSH
• Environment MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyse the role of conservative treatment and regional differences in 30-day hospital mortality for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients in the Czech Republic. METHODS: Using administrative data from Czech health insurance companies for 2018-2020, we employed a probit model to examine factors influencing mortality across 13 complex cardiovascular centres, calculating average marginal effects to ensure interpretable results. RESULTS: Conservative treatment was associated with a 4.7 percentage point increase in 30-day mortality compared to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treatment (95% CI: 3.6-5.7). This effect varied significantly across different types of AMI and healthcare providers, with regional variations in mortality ranging from 0 to 4.3 percentage points relative to the best-performing centre. CONCLUSIONS: Higher proportions of conservative treatment significantly contribute to increased 30-day mortality in complex cardiovascular centres. The persistent regional variations after controlling for patient characteristics suggest the need for standardized treatment protocols and improved data collection systems to reduce disparities in outcomes.

• MeSH
• Myocardial Infarction * mortality   therapy   MeSH
• Conservative Treatment * statistics & numerical data   mortality   MeSH
• Percutaneous Coronary Intervention statistics & numerical data   mortality   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Hospital Mortality * trends   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

AIM: The influence of the dose on the ability of promising newly prepared reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (6-chlorotacrine) to increase the resistance of mice against soman and the efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman-poisoned mice was evaluated. METHODS: The evaluation of the effect of pharmacological pretreatment is based on the identification of changes of soman-induced toxicity that was evaluated by the assessment of its LD50 value and its 95% confidence limit using probit-logarithmical analysis of death occurring within 24 hrs after administration of soman. RESULTS: The dose of 6-chlorotacrine significantly influences the prophylactic efficacy of 6-chlorotacrine. Its highest dose was only able to significantly protect mice against acute toxicity of soman and increase the efficacy of antidotal treatment (atropine in combination with the oxime HI-6) of soman-poisoned mice. In addition, the highest dose of 6-chlorotacrine was significantly more effective to protect mice from soman poisoning than its lowest dose. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the important influence of the dose of 6-chlorotacine on its prophylactic efficacy in the case of pharmacological pretreatment of soman poisoning in mice.

• MeSH
• Antidotes pharmacology   MeSH
• Chemically-Induced Disorders prevention & control   MeSH
• Cholinesterase Inhibitors poisoning   MeSH
• Disease Models, Animal MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis methods   MeSH
• Cholinesterase Reactivators pharmacology   MeSH
• Soman poisoning   MeSH
• Tacrine analogs & derivatives   pharmacology   MeSH
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

The aim of the study was to compare the acute toxicity of diclofenac to juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acute toxicity tests were performed on the aquarium fish Danio rerio, which is one of the model organisms most commonly used in toxicity testing. The tests were performed using a semi-static method according to OECD guideline No. 203 (Fish, acute toxicity test). Embryo toxicity tests were performed in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in compliance with OECD No. 212 methodology (Fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages). The results were subjected to a probit analysis using the EKO-TOX 5.2 programme to determine 96hLC50 and 144hLC50 (median lethal concentration, 50% mortality after a 96 h or 144 h interval, respectively) values of diclofenac. The statistical significance of the difference between LC50 values in juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio was tested using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test implemented in the Unistat 5.1 programme. The LC50 mean value of diclofenac was 166.6 +/- 9.8 mg/L in juvenile Danio rerio, and 6.11 +/- 2.48 mg/L in embryonic stages of Danio rerio. The study demonstrated a statistically higher sensitivity to diclofenac (P < 0.05) in embryonic stages compared to the juvenile fish.

• MeSH
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Zebrafish embryology   growth & development   MeSH
• Diclofenac administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects   MeSH
• Lethal Dose 50 MeSH
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Multivariate Analysis MeSH

• Conspectus
• Statistika
• NML Fields
• statistika, zdravotnická statistika

BACKGROUND: In Central and Eastern Europe, many women make informal cash payments to ensure continuity of provider, i.e., to have a "chosen" doctor who provided their prenatal care, be present for birth. High rates of obstetric interventions and disrespectful maternity care are also common to the region. No previous study has examined the associations among informal payments, intervention rates, and quality of maternity care. METHODS: We distributed an online cross-sectional survey in 2014 to a nationally representative sample of Hungarian internet-using women (N = 600) who had given birth in the last 5 years. The survey included items related to socio-demographics, type of provider, obstetric interventions, and experiences of care. Women reported if they paid informally, and how much. We built a two-part model, where a bivariate probit model was used to estimate conditional probabilities of women paying informally, and a GLM model to explore the amount of payments. We calculated marginal effects of the covariates (provider choice, interventions, respectful care). RESULTS: Many more women (79%) with a chosen doctor paid informally (191 euros on average) compared to 17% of women without a chosen doctor (86 euros). Based on regression analysis, the chosen doctor's presence at birth was the principal determinant of payment. Intervention and procedure rates were significantly higher for women with a chosen doctor versus without (cesareans 45% vs. 33%; inductions 32% vs. 19%; episiotomy 75% vs. 62%; epidural 13% vs. 5%), but had no direct effect on payments. Half of the sample (42% with a chosen doctor, 62% without) reported some form of disrespectful care, but this did not reduce payments. CONCLUSION: Despite reporting disrespect and higher rates of interventions, women rewarded the presence of a chosen doctor with informal payments. They may be unaware of evidence-based standards, and trust that their chosen doctor provided high quality maternity care.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Internet MeSH
• Quality of Health Care economics   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Patient Care economics   MeSH
• Parturition psychology   MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Regression Analysis MeSH
• Health Expenditures statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Health Personnel economics   standards   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Hungary MeSH

The receptor for the advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand transmembrane receptor involved in chronic inflammation whose specific polymorphisms of the promoter gene were found to increase its transcriptional activity. We investigated the association of both allelic and genotypic -374T/A and -429T/C polymorphisms with inflammatory bowel disease. The STREGA guidelines were applied for planning and reporting. We enrolled 133 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 149 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 128 blood donors. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes collected from each patient and control. RAGE polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was first assessed, and then, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Fisher exact test were used for etiologic group comparisons. Distribution of patients' characteristics across genotypes was evaluated by the Fisher exact test, while that across alleles was analyzed with a probit model. A 2-sided value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Following the evidence of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we found a higher prevalence of the allele A of the -374T/A haplotype in UC (p = 0.043), and of the allele C of the -429T/C haplotype in CD (p < 0.001) with respect to the other groups. Moreover, the homozygous AA genotype of the -374T/A polymorphism resulted associated with late onset of CD, while its TT genotype with early onset (p = 0.049). The allele C of the 429T/C haplotype was associated with early onset of UC (p = 0.03), while a higher frequency of the heterozygous TC haplotype was found in those with pancolitis (p = 0.026). The differing distribution of these polymorphisms in healthy donors and CD/UC patients suggests a role in the development and outcome of these pathological conditions.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Gene Frequency MeSH
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease * MeSH
• Genotype MeSH
• Genotyping Techniques MeSH
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases genetics   MeSH
• Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Promoter Regions, Genetic * MeSH
• Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products genetics   MeSH
• Case-Control Studies MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Anaesthetics are used in aquaculture to prevent stress and mechanical damage to fish during handling or the treatment of fish in breeding, blood sampling and other veterinary interventions. Clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol are used in the Czech Republic in a water bath for the short-term immobilization of the fish. DESIGN: Acute toxicity tests were performed on aquarium fish Danio rerio, which is considered to be one of the model organisms most commonly used in toxicity testing. The semi-static method according to OECD No. 203 (Fish acute toxicity test) was used for testing juvenile fish. Embryo toxicity tests were performed in zebrafish embryos (D. rerio) in compliance with the OECD No. 212 methodology (Fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages). The results obtained (the number of dead individuals at particular test concentrations) were subjected to a probit analysis using the EKO-TOX 5.2 programme in order to determine LC50 clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol values. The statistical significance of the difference between LC50 values in juvenile and embryonic stages of D. rerio was tested using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test implemented in the Unistat 5.1 programme. RESULTS: The LC50 clove oil mean value was 18.8 +/- 5.52 mg.L-1 in juvenile D. rerio, and 15.64 +/- 3.30 mg.L-1 in embryonic stages of D. rerio. The LC50 2-phenoxyethanol mean value was 338.22 +/- 15.22 mg.L-1 in juvenile D. rerio, whereas in embryonic stages of D. rerio it was 486.35 +/- 25.53 mg.L-1. CONCLUSIONS: The study proved statistically significantly higher (p<0.01) sensitivity in juvenile fish to 2-phenoxyethanol compared to the embryonic stages. Acute toxicity values of clove oil for juvenile and embryonic stages were comparable.

• MeSH
• Anesthetics toxicity   MeSH
• Zebrafish physiology   MeSH
• Ethylene Glycols toxicity   MeSH
• Clove Oil toxicity   MeSH
• Larva MeSH
• Lethal Dose 50 MeSH
• Plant Oils toxicity   MeSH
• Syzygium toxicity   MeSH
• Temperature MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH