OBJECTIVES: Smoking is an important risk factor leading to many diseases, which brings substantial healthcare costs as well as indirect costs due to decreased productivity. This article aims to quantify the social costs of smoking in the Czech Republic in 2019. METHODS: The prevalence-based, cost-of-illness approach is used, which assesses the costs as the sum of direct (healthcare) costs and indirect costs (productivity losses due to mortality and morbidity). The costs of healthcare utilization and pharmacotherapy in direct costs, and the costs of absenteeism, presenteeism, and premature mortality in indirect costs, are included. RESULTS: Total costs of smoking in the Czech Republic in 2019 are estimated as 2110.6 million EUR (0.94% of GDP). Direct costs amounted to 537.0 million EUR (2.9% of health expenditures in 2019) and indirect costs were 1573.6 million EUR, mainly driven by the costs of premature mortality (1062.5 million EUR). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the declining trend in the prevalence of smoking in the Czech Republic, the associated costs are considerable. Investments into strategies to reduce smoking continue to be needed.
- MeSH
- absentérství MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kouření * ekonomika epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- náklady na zdravotní péči * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
- předčasná smrt MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Unequal access to healthcare and inadequate financing have highlighted the need for healthcare reform to increase efficiency while ensuring equity in healthcare financing worldwide. Our study evaluates the capacity of Kazakhstan's healthcare system reform, transitioning from a tax-financed system to compulsory social health insurance (CSHI), to address equity in healthcare financing. Using quarterly Household Budget Surveys from 2017-Q1 to 2020-Q4 in a staggered difference-in-difference estimation technique, we analyze the impact of the transition on the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment. Our findings show that while the transition from a tax-financed to a CSHI system in the short run lowers both the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure, it does not alleviate impoverishment. In particular, the reform predominantly benefits wealthier households, with no effect on the relatively poor population. We speculate that the positive outcomes observed from the reform in the short run are largely attributed to the exceptionally high insurance coverage during the transition period. The success of the transition from a tax-based to an insurance-based system is heavily dependent on the rate of insurance coverage of the population, as well as the quality of healthcare services and available finances.
- MeSH
- financování zdravotní péče * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pojistné krytí statistika a číselné údaje ekonomika MeSH
- reforma zdravotní péče * ekonomika MeSH
- vážná nemoc ekonomika MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdravotní pojištění ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kazachstán MeSH
- MeSH
- efektivita organizační * ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- řízení zdravotnictví * ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- novinové články MeSH
- zprávy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Izrael MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the interdependence between life expectancy and numerous social indicators, i.e., to determine the factors that encourage an increase or decrease in life expectancy. METHODS: Pearson coefficients as well as linear and logarithmic trends and correlations between the dependent variable of life expectancy and numerous independent variables were calculated and analysed. The calculations were carried out for all countries in the world for which data is available. Based on the strength of the correlations between life expectancy and numerous indicators, we have tried to determine the reasons for the different values of life expectancy in the various countries. RESULTS: Important factors for achieving high life expectancy values are economic development and healthcare spending but the spread of "diseases of the modern era", such as obesity or diabetes, have a significant negative impact on life expectancy. Other important limiting factors for life expectancy are large income inequalities, a higher share of private healthcare expenditure in total healthcare expenditure and lower total healthcare expenditure. Less developed societies can significantly increase their life expectancy by providing clean water and safe sanitation and by combating various infectious diseases (especially HIV). CONCLUSIONS: Life expectancy is a meaningful indicator of the state of social development and accurately reflects the general state of a particular society. It has been shown that GDP per capita (PPP) is a key determinant of life expectancy, while other important factors play the role of a further modifier.
Efektivnost českého zdravotnictví byla hodnocena indexem efektivnosti, který obsahuje 4 vstupy a 3 výstupy zdravotnického systému. Váhy zdravotnických vstupů a výstupů byly získány na základě dotazníkového šetření mezi experty. Mezinárodní srovnání ukazuje, že efektivnost českého zdravotnictví v období 2010–2021 dlouhodobě klesá. Ovšem stejný trend lze pozorovat i v dalších evropských zemích.
The efficiency of the Czech health care system was evaluated by the efficiency index, which contains 4 inputs and 3 outputs of the health care system. The weights of medical inputs and outputs were obtained on the basis of a questionnaire survey among experts. International comparisons show that the efficiency of the Czech healthcare system has been declining in the long term in the period 2010–2021. However, the same trend can be observed in other European countries.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- efektivita organizační * ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- řízení zdravotnictví * ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Izrael MeSH
Expenditures on mental health care in the Czech Republic are not being published regularly, yet they are indispensable for evaluation of the ongoing reform of Czech mental health care. The main objective of this study is to estimate the size of these expenditures in 2015 and make a comparison with the last available figures from the year 2006. The estimation is based on an OECD methodology of health accounts, which structures health care expenditures according to health care functions, provider industries, and payers. The expenditures are further decomposed according to diagnoses, and inputs used in service production. The amount spent on mental health care in 2015 reached more than 13.7 billion Czech korunas (EUR 501.6 million), which represented 4.08% of the total health care expenditures. This ratio is almost identical with the 2006 share (4.14%). There are no significant changes in the relative expenditures on mental health care and in the structure of service provision. The Czech mental health care system remains largely hospital based with most of all mental health care expenditures being spent on inpatient care. Future developments in the expenditures will indicate the success of the current effort to deinstitutionalise mental health care.
- MeSH
- duševní poruchy ekonomika terapie MeSH
- hospitalizace ekonomika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- služby péče o duševní zdraví ekonomika MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Muscle weakness and associated diseases are likely to place a considerable economic burden on government health care expenditure. Therefore, our aim for this study was to estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with muscle weakness in the Czech Republic. We applied a cost-of-illness approach using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Six hundred and eighty-nine participants aged 70 years and over and without any long-term illnesses were included in our study. A generalized linear model with gamma distribution was used, and odds ratio (OR) was calculated in order to explore the effect of muscle weakness on direct and indirect costs. For both genders, muscle weakness had a statistically significant impact on direct costs (OR =2.11), but did not have a statistically significant impact on indirect costs (OR =1.08) or on total cost (OR =1.51). Muscle weakness had the greatest statistically significant impact on direct costs in females (OR =2.75). In conclusion, our study has shown that muscle weakness may lead to increased direct costs, and consequently place a burden on health care expenditure. Therefore, the results of this study could lead to greater interest in the prevention of muscle weakness among older people in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odds ratio MeSH
- osobní újma zaviněná nemocí MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- svalová slabost ekonomika epidemiologie MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
BACKGROUND: In Central and Eastern Europe, many women make informal cash payments to ensure continuity of provider, i.e., to have a "chosen" doctor who provided their prenatal care, be present for birth. High rates of obstetric interventions and disrespectful maternity care are also common to the region. No previous study has examined the associations among informal payments, intervention rates, and quality of maternity care. METHODS: We distributed an online cross-sectional survey in 2014 to a nationally representative sample of Hungarian internet-using women (N = 600) who had given birth in the last 5 years. The survey included items related to socio-demographics, type of provider, obstetric interventions, and experiences of care. Women reported if they paid informally, and how much. We built a two-part model, where a bivariate probit model was used to estimate conditional probabilities of women paying informally, and a GLM model to explore the amount of payments. We calculated marginal effects of the covariates (provider choice, interventions, respectful care). RESULTS: Many more women (79%) with a chosen doctor paid informally (191 euros on average) compared to 17% of women without a chosen doctor (86 euros). Based on regression analysis, the chosen doctor's presence at birth was the principal determinant of payment. Intervention and procedure rates were significantly higher for women with a chosen doctor versus without (cesareans 45% vs. 33%; inductions 32% vs. 19%; episiotomy 75% vs. 62%; epidural 13% vs. 5%), but had no direct effect on payments. Half of the sample (42% with a chosen doctor, 62% without) reported some form of disrespectful care, but this did not reduce payments. CONCLUSION: Despite reporting disrespect and higher rates of interventions, women rewarded the presence of a chosen doctor with informal payments. They may be unaware of evidence-based standards, and trust that their chosen doctor provided high quality maternity care.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- internet MeSH
- kvalita zdravotní péče ekonomika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- péče o pacienta ekonomika MeSH
- porod psychologie MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdravotnický personál ekonomika normy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Maďarsko MeSH
Health policy series ; no. 47
xv, 90 stran : ilustrace, tabulky ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- chronická nemoc ekonomika prevence a kontrola MeSH
- dieta ekonomika MeSH
- poskytování zdravotní péče ekonomika MeSH
- sedavý životní styl MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- tabulky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Konspekt
- Ekonomie
- NLK Obory
- ekonomie, ekonomika, ekonomika zdravotnictví
- statistika, zdravotnická statistika
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
