radial migration
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Cortical projection neurons polarize and form an axon while migrating radially. Even though these dynamic processes are closely interwoven, they are regulated separately-the neurons terminate their migration when reaching their destination, the cortical plate, but continue to grow their axons. Here, we show that in rodents, the centrosome distinguishes these processes. Newly developed molecular tools modulating centrosomal microtubule nucleation combined with in vivo imaging uncovered that dysregulation of centrosomal microtubule nucleation abrogated radial migration without affecting axon formation. Tightly regulated centrosomal microtubule nucleation was required for periodic formation of the cytoplasmic dilation at the leading process, which is essential for radial migration. The microtubule nucleating factor γ-tubulin decreased at neuronal centrosomes during the migratory phase. As distinct microtubule networks drive neuronal polarization and radial migration, this provides insight into how neuronal migratory defects occur without largely affecting axonal tracts in human developmental cortical dysgeneses, caused by mutations in γ-tubulin.
- MeSH
- axony metabolismus MeSH
- centrozom MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrotubuly metabolismus MeSH
- mozek metabolismus MeSH
- neurony * fyziologie MeSH
- tubulin * metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Central nervous system neurons become postmitotic when radial glia cells divide to form neuroblasts. Neuroblasts may migrate away from the ventricle radially along glia fibers, in various directions or even across the midline. We present four cases of unusual migration that are variably connected to either pathology or formation of new populations of neurons with new connectivities. One of the best-known cases of radial migration involves granule cells that migrate from the external granule cell layer along radial Bergman glia fibers to become mature internal granule cells. In various medulloblastoma cases this migration does not occur and transforms the external granule cell layer into a rapidly growing tumor. Among the ocular motor neurons is one unique population that undergoes a contralateral migration and uniquely innervates the superior rectus and levator palpebrae muscles. In humans, a mutation of a single gene ubiquitously expressed in all cells, induces innervation defects only in this unique motor neuron population, leading to inability to elevate eyes or upper eyelids. One of the best-known cases for longitudinal migration is the facial branchial motor (FBM) neurons and the overlapping inner ear efferent population. We describe here molecular cues that are needed for the caudal migration of FBM to segregate these motor neurons from the differently migrating inner ear efferent population. Finally, we describe unusual migration of inner ear spiral ganglion neurons that result in aberrant connections with disruption of frequency presentation. Combined, these data identify unique migratory properties of various neuronal populations that allow them to adopt new connections but also sets them up for unique pathologies.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Anti-sperm cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is considered as a crucial facet of infertility in patients of both sexes. A precise and objective method is designed, based on a one-step agarose leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) assay. The migration areas are evaluated by a computer-assisted image analysis system. Optimal concentrations of leukocytes and sperm, as well as technical conditions are described. The radial migration indexes (RMI) and area migration indexes (AMI) are computed and expressed as a migration index (MI) percentage for each patient or control. Preliminary clinical results indicate a highly significant association between migration inhibition and cases of 'immunopathological infertility'. The method described is considered a promising tool for a rapid and quantitative evaluation of a suspected anti-sperm CMI in infertile and recurrently aborting patients.
To present the results of surgical repair of ruptures of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii muscle and thus show the adequacy of this treatment. MATERIAL Between 1987 and 2006, 19 patients had surgery for distal biceps tendon rupture. Only one side was affected in each patient. All patients were men between 28 and 69 years (average age, 47.5 years) at the time of injury (surgery). When the patients were evaluated at the end of 2007, 18 patients were included, because one died a year after surgery. METHODS The surgical repair always included a single-incision anatomical reattachment into the radial tuberosity. In 11 patients, a modified Mac Reynolds method with screw and washer fixation was used; in seven patients the insertion was fixed with Mitek anchors and, in one, it was sutured to the adjacent soft tissues. The average follow-up was 7 years (range, 1 to 20.5 years). The patients were evaluated for the cause of injury, their physical activity, age, dominance of the injured arm, surgical procedure and complications. RESULTS In 18 patients surgical repair was done early and, in one, at 16 days after injury. In all of them the tendon was detached from its site of insertion, but never torn. The intra-operative complications included, in one patient, bleeding owing to iatrogenic damage to a branch of the brachial artery, and difficult separation of the tendon due to its previous healed injury in another patient. Early post-operative complications included superficial skin necrosis in one patient and transient neurological deficit of the dorsal brand of the radial nerve and of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm in two and one patient, respectively. The late complications were heterotropic ossification in three patients and screw migration in the one treated by the Mac Reynolds method. Excellent results were recorded in 11 patients (61 %), and good outcomes with a slight restriction of motion or muscle strength not limiting the patient's physical activities were in six (33.5 %) patients; only one patient (5.5 %) experienced pain on moderate exercise and had recurrent heterotropic ossification. Apart from this condition, there was no difference in the frequency of complications associated with the method used. DISCUSSION Only sparse information on distal biceps tendon ruptures has been available in the relevant Czech literature and, if so, only small groups with short follow-ups have been involved. Conservative treatment or the methods of non-anatomical reattachment have poor functional outcomes. Much better results are achieved by anatomical reattachment. Based on our experience with the Mac Reynolds technique, an anterior single-incision approach using fixation with Mitek anchors can be recommended. CONCLUSIONS Early surgical repair involving anatomical reattachment from the anterior singleincision approach with two Mitek anchors is recommended when a rupture of the distal tendon insertion of the biceps brachii is diagnosed. Key words: biceps radii muscle, biceps tendon injury, tendon fixation, bone screw and washer use.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Can minimally invasive intramedullary osteosynthesis of distal radius fractures provide better therapeutic results than multidirectional locking plates. Retrospective study of 68 patients operated for distal radius fractures, 18 were treated with intramedullary X-screw (XSCR) fixation and 50 with the multidirectional angle-stable plate system (APTUS). The evaluation at 1-year follow-up included functional status of the wrist and hand, and radiographic findings. In the XSCR group, the functional outcomes of the treated extremity did not achieve values comparable with those of the uninjured side in any of the parameters measured. The radiographic findings did not meet the requirements of successful healing due to failure to restore an anatomical volar tilt in 22.2% cases. In the APTUS group, comparable values of the injured and the uninjured side were achieved in radial deviation, ulnar deviation, pronation, supination and grip strength. The radiographic criteria of successful healing were met by all fractures treated by locking plate osteosynthesis. Implant migration associated with secondary displacement of bone fragments was recorded in 33.3 % of the XSCR patients and only in 4.0 % of the APTUS patients. The overall evaluation show that intramedullary osteosynthesis does not produce better treatment outcomes compared with plate osteosynthesis in indicated types of fractures.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fraktury vřetenní kosti radiografie chirurgie MeSH
- hojení fraktur MeSH
- intramedulární fixace fraktury přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- kostní destičky * MeSH
- kostní šrouby * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- obnova funkce MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- rozsah kloubních pohybů MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- volární ploténka chirurgie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The spreading of adhering cells is a morphogenetic process during which cells break spherical or radial symmetry and adopt migratory polarity with spatially segregated protruding cell front and non-protruding cell rear. The organization and regulation of these symmetry-breaking events, which are both complex and stochastic, are not fully understood. Here we show that in radially spreading cells, symmetry breaking commences with the development of discrete non-protruding regions characterized by large but sparse focal adhesions and long peripheral actin bundles. Establishment of this non-protruding static region specifies the distally oriented protruding cell front and thus determines the polarity axis and the direction of cell migration. The development of non-protruding regions requires ERK2 and the ERK pathway scaffold protein RACK1. RACK1 promotes adhesion-mediated activation of ERK2 that in turn inhibits p190A-RhoGAP signaling by reducing the peripheral localization of p190A-RhoGAP. We propose that sustained ERK signaling at the prospective cell rear induces p190A-RhoGAP depletion from the cell periphery resulting in peripheral actin bundles and cell rear formation. Since cell adhesion activates both ERK and p190A-RhoGAP signaling this constitutes a spatially confined incoherent feed-forward signaling circuit.
- MeSH
- aktiny metabolismus MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- buněčná adheze MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fibroblasty cytologie enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- fokální adhezní tyrosinkinasy metabolismus MeSH
- genový knockdown MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- MAP kinasový signální systém * MeSH
- mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkinasa 1 metabolismus MeSH
- pohyb buněk MeSH
- proteiny vázající GTP nedostatek metabolismus MeSH
- represorové proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- tvar buňky MeSH
- umlčování genů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cíl studie: Cílem práce je srovnat výsledky ošetření diafyzárních zlomenin radia a ulny pomocí úhlově stabilní dlahy LCP (Synthes, Švýcarsko) a nitrodřeňového hřebování ForeSight (Smith&Nephew, USA). Materiál a metoda: V prospektivní studii je zhodnoceno 80 pacientů se 115 zlomeninami předloketních kostí rozdělených podle typu fixace do dvou stejně velkých skupin. Soubor zahrnoval 53 mužů a 27 žen, průměrný věk pacientů byl 36,6 roku (rozsah 18–77 let). Průměrná doba sledování výsledků byla 18 měsíců (rozsah 12–32 měsíců). Pacienti byli periodicky vyšetřování rentgenologicky a souběžně sledovány funkční výsledky. Současně byly hodnoceny komplikace provázející operační léčbu. Výsledky: Ve skupině pacientů ošetřených LCP dlahou jsme zaznamenali dva případy prodlouženého hojení. Ve skupině ošetřené hřebem jsme zachytili čtyři případy prodlouženého hojení, které se zahojily do 18 měsíců bez dalšího chirurgického výkonu. Průměrná doba hojení zlomenin ošetřených hřebem byla 20,5 týdnů (rozsah 9–80 týdnů), v LCP souboru 19,0 týdnů (rozsah 12–46 týdnů). Nezaznamenali jsme staticky signifikantní rozdíl mezi oběmi skupinami v operačním čase, době hojení zlomenin, v pooperační bolestivosti ani v konečných funkčních výsledcích po jednom roce. Prokázali jsme statisticky významné prodloužení hojení ve skupině ošetřené hřebem při pooperační dislokaci fragmentů 3 a více mm proti skupině pacientů s anatomickou repozicí a dislokací do 2 mm (p = 0,015; Anova). Nezaznamenali jsme žádný případ hlubokého infektu. Z komplikací jsme v souboru ošetřeném hřebem zaznamenali dvakrát parciální migraci zajišťovacích šroubů a dvakrát vznik nekompletní synostózy. Ve skupině ošetřeném LCP dlahou jsme zachytili lx případ časné refraktury v místě původní zlomeniny (3 týdny po extrakci). Diskuse: Dosažené výsledky v obou skupinách odpovídají výsledkům v jiných recentních studiích. Přestože je otevřená repozice a vnitřní fixace dlahou považována za standard léčby diafyzárních zlomenin předloktí, je dnes patrný názorový posun na použití hřebů v této indikaci. Vzhledem k zdokonalení těchto implantátů je nutné trend hřebování diafyzárních zlomenin předloktí stále více akceptovat. Závěr: Přes rozdílný koncept fixace zlomenin se jeví oba implantáty jako indikované pro léčbu diafyzárních zlomenin předloktí.
Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to assess treatment outcomes of diaphyseal radial and ulnar fractures using angle- stable LCP device (Synthes, Švýcarsko), compared to ForeSight intramedullary nailing (Smith&Nephew, USA). Material and Methods: The prospective study included 80 patients with 115 forearm fractures, assigned to two equal groups, based on the fixation method. The group included 53 males and 27 females, the mean age was 36.6 years of age (range 18–77). the mean folow up period was 18 months (range 12–32 months). The patients were repetitevely x-rayed and their functional assessment was performed at the same time. Furthermore, treatment- related complications were also evaluated. Results: Two cases of prolonged healing were recorded in the LCP device treatment group. Four cases of prolonged healing were recorded in the intramedullary nailing group, which healed within 18 months and did not require reoperation. The mean fracture healing time was 20.5 weeks (range 9–80 weeks) in the group with intramedullary nailing, and 19.0 weeks (range 12–46 weeks) in the LCP group. No significat differences in surgery time, healing time, postoperative pain scores or final 1-year functional outcomes were detected between the both treatment groups. Statistically significant prolonged healing was demonstrated in the intramedullary nailing group in cases, where fragment dislocation exceeded 3 mm, compared to a group of patients with anatomical repositioning and dislocation of less than 2 mm (p = 0.015; Anova). No cases of deep infections were recorded. Complications, recorded in the intramedullary nailing group, included the following: partial migration of securing nails in two subjects and incomplete synostosis in two subjects. Complications, recorded in the LCP device group, included: early re-fracturing in the original fracture location in a single subject (3 weeks after extraction). Discussion: The results correspond with outcomes of other recent studies. Although open repositioning and internal fixation is considered a standard treatment method in forearm diaphyseal fractures, recently changing opinion on the use of nails in this indication is apparent. Considering ongoing improvements of these implants, the trend of nailing should be more widely accepted. Conclusion: Although their concept of fracture fixation is different, the both implants appear indicated for the management of forearm diaphyseal fractures.
- MeSH
- diafýzy chirurgie radiografie zranění MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fraktury ulny chirurgie radiografie MeSH
- fraktury vřetenní kosti chirurgie radiografie MeSH
- intramedulární fixace fraktury MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vnitřní fixace fraktury přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Surgical techniques for the treatment of supracondylar fractures in children are repeatedly the subject of discussion. The aim of the present study was to compare experience with the technique of crossed Kirschner wires at our own hospital with current literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the period from 2000-2006 a total of 86 children aged 1.7 to 12.7 years were treated by means of crossed K-wire osteosynthesis. Follow up was conducted at an average of 32 months. Outcomes were evaluated based on von Laer's criteria. RESULTS: Reported complications were migration of the K-wires in 7% of cases and secondary dislocation and re-operation in 4% of cases. Lesion of the radial nerve was diagnosed postoperatively in two cases. Hospital stay was 1.5 days on average. Postoperative immobilization in an upper arm splint and implant removal after 6 weeks on average. 57% of the children received physiotherapy during the course of treatment. Slight varization was found in 11% of children and an unsatisfactory range of motion in 13%. Satisfactory outcomes were recorded for 83% of patients. CONCLUSION: K-wire osteosynthesis is associated with a low complication rate and continues to be a safe standard procedure for the stabilization of supracondylar humerus fractures. Key words: supracondylar humerus fracture, Kirschner wires, paediatric fractures
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fraktury humeru chirurgie MeSH
- humerus chirurgie inervace zranění MeSH
- interpretace statistických dat MeSH
- intramedulární fixace fraktury MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kostní dráty MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- obnova funkce MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- vnitřní fixace fraktury metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- výsledky a postupy - zhodnocení (zdravotní péče) MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Subventrikulárna zóna laterálnych komôr mozgu dospelých jedincov produkuje nové neuroblasty, ktoré migrujú tangenciálne do bulbus olfactorius pozdåž rostrálnej migraènej dráhy (RMS). Neuroblasty v RMS migrujú bez zjavného skeletu na rozdiel od embryonálneho obdobia, poèas ktorého neuroblasty využívajú ako skelet radiálnu gliu. Nedávno bolo objavené, že neuroblasty využívajú krvné cievy, ako podporu pri migrácii. Vzájomné súvislosti medzi krvnými cievami neuroblastami a astrocytmi boli doposiaľ demonštrované iba u myší. Cieľom tejto práce bolo zistiť usporiadanie krvných ciev, astrocytov a neuroblastov v RMS dospelého potkana.
In adult rodents, the subventricular zone of the brain lateral ventricles generates neuroblasts that migrate tangentially to the olfactory bulb along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Neuroblasts in the RMS migrate without a recognized migratory scaffold unlike to embryonic period when neuroblasts use radial glia as a scaffold. It was recently discovered that neuroblasts might use blood vessels for their migration. However, interaction among blood vessels, neuroblasts and astrocytes has been demonstrated only in mice, yet. The aim of this study was to examine arrangement of blood vessels and astrocytes and neuroblasts in the adult rat RMS.
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Trichobilharzia regenti (Schistosomatidae, Digenea), a parasite of birds, exhibits a unique strategy among schistosomes, having affinity to the nervous system of vertebrate hosts. Migration of parasitic stages within hosts and/or swimming of non-parasitic larvae in water environment depend on the action of body wall muscles which were studied with confocal and electron microscopy. In all stages, body wall musculature is comprised of differently organized circular and longitudinal muscles. During the development, an extensive change of musculature characteristics and/or formation of new muscle structures were recorded; cercariae, schistosomula and adult worms produce additional underlying diagonal muscle fibers and inner plexus of radial musculature. Substantial changes of the outer environment during penetration of a host (osmotic values of water vs. host tissues) are accompanied by surface transformation of miracidia/mother sporocysts and cercariae/schistosomula. Contrary to that, changes of body musculature in these stages are characterized only by growth and re-organization of existing structures, and never by formation of new components of body musculature. Future studies in this field may contribute to a better knowledge of morphology and function of trematode muscles, including those of schistosomes that are important pathogens of humans and animals.
