short‐term plasticity
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Hippocampal place cells represent different environments with distinct neural activity patterns. Following an abrupt switch between two familiar configurations of visual cues defining two environments, the hippocampal neural activity pattern switches almost immediately to the corresponding representation. Surprisingly, during a transient period following the switch to the new environment, occasional fast transitions between the two activity patterns (flickering) were observed (Jezek, Henriksen, Treves, Moser, & Moser, ). Here we show that an attractor neural network model of place cells with connections endowed with short-term synaptic plasticity can account for this phenomenon. A memory trace of the recent history of network activity is maintained in the state of the synapses, allowing the network to temporarily reactivate the representation of the previous environment in the absence of the corresponding sensory cues. The model predicts that the number of flickering events depends on the amplitude of the ongoing theta rhythm and the distance between the current position of the animal and its position at the time of cue switching. We test these predictions with new analysis of experimental data. These results suggest a potential role of short-term synaptic plasticity in recruiting the activity of different cell assemblies and in shaping hippocampal activity of behaving animals.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- hipokampus cytologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- modely neurologické * MeSH
- nervová síť fyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- neuroplasticita fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- prostorová paměť fyziologie MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- theta rytmus EEG fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Plasticita je specifická vlastnost nervového systému se vyvíjet, reagovat na změny vnitřního a zevního prostředí, případně se jim přizpůsobit, a to za fyziologických i patologických situací. Existují důkazy o dynamičnosti nervového systému, která je charakterizována rovnováhou mezi rigiditou a plasticitou, přičemž plastické změny neuronálních systémů využívají obecných společných mechanizmů. Výsledkem plasticity mohou být příznivé, ale i nepříznivé změny za vývoje (plasticita evoluční), při krátkodobé expozici (plasticita reaktivní), při dlouhodobé nebo opakované zátěži (plasticita adaptační) nebo při funkční, případně morfologické obnově poškozených neuronálních okruhů (plasticita reparační). Projevy plasticity mají obdobný základ bez ohledu na příčinu, která je vyvolala, a na oddíl CNS, ve kterém probíhají. Přitom nezralá nervová tkáň se jeví jako zvlášť plastická.
Plasticity is a specific endowment of the nervous system to develop, to react or to adjust to the internal and external environmental changes, both in the physiological and pathological conditions. Cumulative evidence has revealed the dynamism of the nervous system, based on the balance between the rigidity and plasticity. Different aspects of neuroplasticity can employ common general cellular mechanism. Effects of plasticity can be either positive or negative changes during the development (evolutional plasticity), after the short-term exposition (reactive plasticity), after the long-term or permanent stimuli (adaptational plasticity), and during functional or structural recovery of the damaged neuronal circuits (reparation plasticity). Manifestations of plasticity have probably the same basis, irrespective of a cause, which triggered them, or the brain region where they were accomplished. Activity of neuroplastic processes appears to be especially high in the immature nervous tissue.
- MeSH
- klasifikace MeSH
- neuroplasticita MeSH
- synapse MeSH
- vývojová biologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Mechanizmem přirozeného výběru může docházet k evoluci adaptivních znaků pouze u nepohlavne se rozmnožujících druhů. U druhů rozmnožujících se pohlavně vzniká genotyp jedince v každé generaci náhodným namixovaním genů od obou rodičů a biologická zdatnost (fitness) jedince se zde proto nededí. Pro vysvětlení fungování adaptivní evoluce u pohlavně se rozmnožujících organizmů byla V 70. letech minulého století navržena teorie sobeckého genu. Podle ní v průběhu evoluce nesoupeří jedinci v rámci populace o co největší biologickou zdatnost, ale alely v rámci jednoho lokusu o schopnost předat co nevíce svých kopií do genofondu další generace. Tato teorie ovšem opomíjí skutečnost, že vliv jednotlivých alel na fenotyp i vliv jednotlivých fenotypových znaků na biologickou zdatnost jedince závisí na tom, jaké další alely jsou přítomny v genotypu daného jedince. Teorie evolučně stabilních strategií ukazuje, že za těchto podmínek nemohou vést selekční tlaky k dlouhodobým změnám ve fenotypu organizmů, ale pouze k vychýlení frekvencí jednotlivých alel z rovnováhy. Cim je toto vychýlení větší, tím více genofond těmto dakům vzdoruje a po přerušení selekčního tlakj^u se frekvence alel samovolně vrací na původní hodnoty. Teorie zamrzlé plasticity, publikovaná v roce 1998, ukazuje, že pohlavně se rozmnožující druhy mohou evolučně odpovídat na selekční tlaky (jsou evolučně plastické) pouze v době, kdy jsou příslušníci daných druhů geneticky uniformní, tedy například po odštěpení a následném rychlém namnožení malé části populace původního druhu. Po určité době odhadované na základě paleontologických dat na 1-2% doby trvání druhu se v genofondu nahromadí genetický polymorfizmus a nové mutace se tak v každé generaci ocitnou ve společnosti jiných alel - druh se přestane chovat jako evolučně plastický a začne se chovat jako evolučně elastický. V tomto stavu pak existuje až do doby, než se v prostředí nahromadí takové změny, že evolučně zamrzlý druh vymře. Z teorie zamrzlé plasticity vyplývá řada důsledků pro nejrůznější vědní obory, včetně psychiatrie. Vzhledem k tomu, že druh může účelně evolučně odpovídat na vlivy prostředí pouze bezprostředně po svém vzniku, je naprostá většina druhů, se kterými se v přírodě setkáváme, včetně člověka, adaptována nikoli na podmínky, ve kterých momentálně žijí jejich příslušníci, ale na podmínky, které panovaly v době jejich vzniku. Teorie zamrzlé plasticity dále ukazuje, že vznik altruistického chování je mnohem pravděpodobnější, I než jak naznačovaly předcházející evoluční teorie.
The mechanism of natural selection can lead to the evolution of adaptive traits only amongst asexually reproducing organisms. Amongst organisms that reproduce sexually, the genotype of the individual is formed in each generation through the random mixin g of the genes of the two parents and thus the biological fitness of individuals is not inherited. The theory of the selfish gene was pro- posed in the 1970’s to explain the functioning of adaptive evolution amongst asexually reproducing organisms. According to this theory, individuals do not compete for the greatest biological fitness in the framework of the population during evolution, but rather the alleles compete in the framework of a single locus for the ability to transfer the greatest number of their copies to the g ene pool of the next generation. However, this theory neglects the fact that the effect of the individual alleles on the phenotype and the effect of the individual phenotype traits on the biological fitness of individuals depend on the other alleles that are present in the ge notype of the individual. The theory of evolutionarily stable strategies indicates that, under these conditions, selection pressures can not lead to long-term changes in the phenotypes of organisms, but only to deflection of the frequency of the individual alleles from equili brium. The greater this deflection, the more the gene pool resists this pressure and, after cessation of the selection pressure, the f requency of the alleles spontaneously returns to the original values. The theory of frozen plasticity, published in 1998, shows that sexually r eproducing species can respond evolutionarily to selection pressures (they are evolutionarily plastic) only when the members of the partic ular spe- cies are genetically uniform, i.e. after splitting off and subsequent rapid multiplication of part of the population of the ori ginal species. Following a short period of time, estimated on the basis of paleontological data to correspond to 1-2% of the duration of the s pecies, genetic polymorphism accumulates in the gene pool and thus, in each generation, the new mutations are in the presence of differ ent alleles – the species ceases to behave in an evolutionarily plastic manner and begins to be evolutionarily elastic. It then exi sts in this state until such time as such changes accumulate in the environment that the evolutionarily frozen species becomes extinct. A n umber of consequences follow from the theory of frozen plasticity for various fields of science, including biological psychiatry. As a species can usefully respond evolutionarily to the effect of the environment only immediately following its formation, the vast majorit y of the species that we encounter in nature, including human beings, are adapted, not to the conditions in which its members momentaril y live, but to the conditions that existed at the time of its formation. The theory of frozen plasticity further indicates that t he formation of altruistic behaviour is far more probable than was suggested by the previous theories of evolution.
... Thompson -- 3 Short-term plasticity: facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation 44 -- Ralf Schneggenburger ... ... -- 4 Long-term potentiation and long-term depression 60 -- Zafar I. ... ... Antzoulatos vi -- Contents -- Section A2: Functional plasticity in 95 -- CNS system -- 6 Plasticity of ... ... Cline -- 10 Plasticity in auditory functions 162 -- Josef R Rauschecker -- 11 Cross-modal plasticity ... ... -- Bharathi Jagadeesh -- Section A3: Plasticity after injury to the CNS 207 -- 13 Plasticity in the ...
1st ed. 2 sv. : il., tab. ; 26 cm
- MeSH
- neuroplasticita MeSH
- poranění nervového systému rehabilitace MeSH
- regenerace nervu MeSH
- rehabilitace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- monografie MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- neurologie
- traumatologie
- neurochirurgie
PURPOSE: Congenital club foot is one of the most common birth defects involving the musculoskeletal system. At present two methods are used for the treatment of this deformity: French and Ponseti method. The purpose of this study was to compare the short-term (up to three years) and long-term (three to seven years) results of treatment with the Ponseti method. METHODS: A total of 195 consecutive infants (143 boys and 52 girls) with idiopathic club foot treated with the Ponseti method in the period of 2005-2012 were included in this study; the total number of feet was 303. The severity of the foot deformity was classified according to Diméglio. When relapse occurred up until three years of age, we started with the casting again. If conservative treatment was unsuccessful we proceeded to surgical treatment. RESULTS: Primary correction was attained in all cases. Surgical correction of relapses was performed in 30 % of patients according to the Ponseti method (re-tenotomy of the Achilles tendon and transposition of the tibialis anterior) and in 70 % by alternative techniques. The number of relapses indicated for surgery increased with increasing period of follow-up: whereas in patients where the treatment started already in 2005 relapses occurred in 72 %, in patients included in 2011 the number of recurrences only reached 3 %. CONCLUSIONS: It follows from our results that it is impossible to cure all club feet with casting, tenotomy of the Achilles tendon and transposition of the tibialis anterior only.
- MeSH
- Achillova šlacha chirurgie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- manipulace ortopedická MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- osteotomie MeSH
- pes equinovarus chirurgie MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- sádrové obvazy MeSH
- tenotomie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
This study aimed to provide a molecular signature for enriched adult human stem/progenitor spermatogonia during short-term (<2 weeks) and long-term culture (up to more than 14 months) in comparison to human testicular fibroblasts and human embryonic stem cells. Human spermatogonia were isolated by CD49f magnetic activated cell sorting and collagen(-)/laminin(+) matrix binding from primary testis cultures obtained from ten adult men. For transcriptomic analysis, single spermatogonia-like cells were collected based on their morphology and dimensions using a micromanipulation system from the enriched germ cell cultures. Immunocytochemical, RT-PCR and microarray analyses revealed that the analyzed populations of cells were distinct at the molecular level. The germ- and pluripotency-associated genes and genes of differentiation/spermatogenesis pathway were highly expressed in enriched short-term cultured spermatogonia. After long-term culture, a proportion of cells retained and aggravated the "spermatogonial" gene expression profile with the expression of germ and pluripotency-associated genes, while in the majority of long-term cultured cells this molecular profile, typical for the differentiation pathway, was reduced and more genes related to the extracellular matrix production and attachment were expressed. The approach we provide here to study the molecular status of in vitro cultured spermatogonia may be important to optimize the culture conditions and to evaluate the germ cell plasticity in the future.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace genetika MeSH
- buněčné kultury metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- embryonální kmenové buňky fyziologie MeSH
- fibroblasty fyziologie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- separace buněk metody MeSH
- spermatogeneze genetika MeSH
- spermatogonie fyziologie MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese metody MeSH
- testis fyziologie MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Acute streptozotocin diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as remote ischemic preconditioning (RPC) has shown a favorable effect on the postischemic-reperfusion function of the myocardium. Cardioprotective mechanisms offered by these experimental models involve the mitochondria with the changes in functional properties of membrane as the end-effector. The aim was to find out whether separate effects of RPC and DM would stimulate the mechanisms of cardioprotection to a maximal level or whether RPC and DM conditions would cooperate in stimulation of cardioprotection. Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats divided into groups: control, DM, RPC and DM treated by RPC (RPC+DM). RPC protocol of 3 cycles of 5-min hind limb ischemia followed by 5-min reperfusion was used. Ischemic-reperfusion injury was induced by 30-min ischemia followed by 40-min reperfusion of the hearts in Langendorff mode. Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation, infarct size assessed by staining with 1 % 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, mitochondrial membrane fluidity with a fluorescent probe DPH, CoQ(9) and CoQ(10) with HPLC. Results revealed that RPC as well as DM decreased the infarct size and preserved mitochondrial function by increasing the mitochondrial membrane fluidity. Both used models separately offered a sufficient protection against ischemic-reperfusion injury without an additive effect of their combination.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- experimentální diabetes mellitus chemicky indukované metabolismus patologie MeSH
- fluidita membrány MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- infarkt myokardu metabolismus patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- mitochondriální membrány patologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myokard metabolismus patologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- preparace izolovaného srdce MeSH
- přivykání k ischémii metody MeSH
- regionální krevní průtok MeSH
- reperfuzní poškození myokardu metabolismus patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- srdeční mitochondrie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- streptozocin MeSH
- zadní končetina krevní zásobení MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Understanding the response of a crop to drought is the first step in the breeding of tolerant genotypes. In our study, two maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes with contrasting sensitivity to dehydration were subjected to moderate drought conditions. The subsequent analysis of their physiological parameters revealed a decreased stomatal conductance accompanied by a slighter decrease in the relative water content in the sensitive genotype. In contrast, the tolerant genotype maintained open stomata and active photosynthesis, even under dehydration conditions. Drought-induced changes in the leaf proteome were analyzed by two independent approaches, 2D gel electrophoresis and iTRAQ analysis, which provided compatible but only partially overlapping results. Drought caused the up-regulation of protective and stress-related proteins (mainly chaperones and dehydrins) in both genotypes. The differences in the levels of various detoxification proteins corresponded well with the observed changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The number and levels of up-regulated protective proteins were generally lower in the sensitive genotype, implying a reduced level of proteosynthesis, which was also indicated by specific changes in the components of the translation machinery. Based on these results, we propose that the hypersensitive early stomatal closure in the sensitive genotype leads to the inhibition of photosynthesis and, subsequently, to a less efficient synthesis of the protective/detoxification proteins that are associated with drought tolerance.
- MeSH
- 2D gelová elektroforéza MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- dehydratace MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- glutathionreduktasa metabolismus MeSH
- katalasa metabolismus MeSH
- kukuřice setá enzymologie genetika fyziologie MeSH
- období sucha MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- průduchy rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- lékařské mise MeSH
- plastická chirurgie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Sierra Leone MeSH
- O autorovi
- Molitor, Martin, 1966-,