• MeSH
• bakteriální adheze MeSH
• biofilmy MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí MeSH
• kontaminace zdravotnického vybavení MeSH
• kontrola infekce MeSH
• zubní materiály MeSH

• Konspekt
• Mikrobiologie
• NLK Obory
• bakteriologie
• mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie
• infekční lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

BACKGROUND: Deciphering the molecular mechanisms mediating the chemical senses, taste, and smell has been of vital importance for understanding the nature of how insects interact with their chemical environment. Several gene families are implicated in the uptake, recognition, and termination of chemical signaling, including binding proteins, chemosensory receptors and degrading enzymes. The cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, is a phytophagous pest and current focal species for insect chemical ecology and neuroethology. RESULTS: We produced male and female Illumina-based transcriptomes from chemosensory and non-chemosensory tissues of S. littoralis, including the antennae, proboscis, brain and body carcass. We have annotated 306 gene transcripts from eight gene families with known chemosensory function, including 114 novel candidate genes. Odorant receptors responsive to floral compounds are expressed in the proboscis and may play a role in guiding proboscis probing behavior. In both males and females, expression of gene transcripts with known chemosensory function, including odorant receptors and pheromone-binding proteins, has been observed in brain tissue, suggesting internal, non-sensory function for these genes. CONCLUSIONS: A well-curated set of annotated gene transcripts with putative chemosensory function is provided. This will serve as a resource for future chemosensory and transcriptomic studies in S. littoralis and closely related species. Collectively, our results expand current understanding of the expression patterns of genes with putative chemosensory function in insect sensory and non-sensory tissues. When coupled with functional data, such as the deorphanization of odorant receptors, the gene expression data can facilitate hypothesis generation, serving as a substrate for future studies.

• MeSH
• chuťová percepce MeSH
• esterasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• hmyzí geny MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   MeSH
• multigenová rodina MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory pachové genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Spodoptera enzymologie   genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tykadla členovců metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• akční potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• elektromyografie metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• kosterní svaly fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• statistika jako téma metody   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were obtained by coprecipitation of ferrous and ferric salts in an alkaline medium followed by oxidation; the nanoparticles were coated with poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric and elemental analyses, and magnetic measurements in terms of particle morphology, size, polydispersity, amount of coating, and magnetization, respectively. The effects of α-tocopherol (Toc) and its phenolic (Toc-6-OH) and acetate (Toc-6-Ac) derivatives on Fe2+ release from γ-Fe2O3@PDMA, as well as from γ-Fe2O3 and CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (controls), were examined in vitro using 1,10-phenanthroline. The presence of tocopherols enhanced spontaneous Fe2+ release from nanoparticles, with Toc-6-OH exhibiting more activity than neat Toc. All of the nanoparticles tested were found to initiate blood lipid oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by analysis of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive species. Wistar rats with Walker-256 carcinosarcoma (a model of mammary gland carcinosarcoma) received Toc-6-Ac, magnetic nanoparticles, or their combination per os, and the antitumor activity of each treatment was determined in vivo. γ-Fe2O3@PDMA nanoparticles exhibited increased antitumor activity compared to both commercial CuFe2O4 particles and the antitumor drug doxorubicin. Moreover, increased antitumor activity was observed after combined administration of γ-Fe2O3@PDMA nanoparticles and Toc-6-Ac; however, levels of bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and white bloods normalized and did not differ from those of the intact controls. The antitumor activity of the γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles strongly correlated with Fe2+ release from the nanoparticles but not with nanoparticle-initiated lipid peroxidation in vitro.

• MeSH
• akrylamidy chemie   MeSH
• alfa-tokoferol aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• experimentální nádory mléčných žláz farmakoterapie   MeSH
• karcinosarkom farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy metody   MeSH
• magnetické nanočástice aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• železité sloučeniny chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• elektromyografie metody   MeSH
• mozkový krevní oběh MeSH
• oxid dusnatý farmakologie   MeSH
• spánek MeSH
• vazodilatace MeSH

The structures and functions of the components of ATP synthases, especially those subunits involved directly in the catalytic formation of ATP, are widely conserved in metazoans, fungi, eubacteria, and plant chloroplasts. On the basis of a map at 32.5-Å resolution determined in situ in the mitochondria of Trypanosoma brucei by electron cryotomography, it has been proposed that the ATP synthase in this species has a noncanonical structure and different catalytic sites in which the catalytically essential arginine finger is provided not by the α-subunit adjacent to the catalytic nucleotide-binding site as in all species investigated to date, but rather by a protein, p18, found only in the euglenozoa. A crystal structure at 3.2-Å resolution of the catalytic domain of the same enzyme demonstrates that this proposal is incorrect. In many respects, the structure is similar to the structures of F1-ATPases determined previously. The α3β3-spherical portion of the catalytic domain in which the three catalytic sites are found, plus the central stalk, are highly conserved, and the arginine finger is provided conventionally by the α-subunits adjacent to each of the three catalytic sites found in the β-subunits. Thus, the enzyme has a conventional catalytic mechanism. The structure differs from previous described structures by the presence of a p18 subunit, identified only in the euglenozoa, associated with the external surface of each of the three α-subunits, thereby elaborating the F1-domain. Subunit p18 is a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein with three PPRs and appears to have no function in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme.

• MeSH
• katalytická doména MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• mitochondriální protonové ATPasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární modely MeSH
• podjednotky proteinů MeSH
• protozoální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů MeSH
• Trypanosoma brucei brucei enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The abundant femoral assemblage of Homo naledi found in the Dinaledi Chamber provides a unique opportunity to test hypotheses regarding the taxonomy, locomotion, and loading patterns of this species. Here we describe neck and shaft cross-sectional structure of all the femoral fossils recovered in the Dinaledi Chamber and compare them to a broad sample of fossil hominins, recent humans, and extant apes. Cross-sectional geometric (CSG) properties from the femoral neck (base of neck and midneck) and diaphysis (subtrochanteric region and midshaft) were obtained through CT scans for H. naledi and through CT scans or from the literature for the comparative sample. The comparison of CSG properties of H. naledi and the comparative samples shows that H. naledi femoral neck is quite derived with low superoinferior cortical thickness ratio and high relative cortical area. The neck appears superoinferiorly elongated because of two bony pilasters on its superior surface. Homo naledi femoral shaft shows a relatively thick cortex compared to the other hominins. The subtrochanteric region of the diaphysis is mediolaterally elongated resembling early hominins while the midshaft is anteroposteriorly elongated, indicating high mobility levels. In term of diaphyseal robusticity, the H. naledi femur is more gracile that other hominins and most apes. Homo naledi shows a unique combination of characteristics in its femur that undoubtedly indicate a species committed to terrestrial bipedalism but with a unique loading pattern of the femur possibly consequence of the unique postcranial anatomy of the species.

• MeSH
• diafýzy anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• femur anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• Hominidae anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• kostní denzita MeSH
• krček femuru anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zkameněliny anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jihoafrická republika MeSH

• MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• imunologické faktory MeSH
• infekce MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• plod MeSH
• Check Tag
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH
• souborné dílo MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

• Konspekt
• Pediatrie
• NLK Obory
• alergologie a imunologie
• infekční lékařství
• perinatologie a neonatologie

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) often survive therapy and give rise to second-line tumors. We tested the plausibility of sphere cultures as models of TICs. Microarray data and microRNA data analysis confirmed the validity of spheres as models of TICs for breast and prostate cancer as well as mesothelioma cell lines. Microarray data analysis revealed the Trp pathway as the only pathway upregulated significantly in all types of studied TICs, with increased levels of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), the rate-limiting enzyme of Trp metabolism along the kynurenine pathway. All types of TICs also expressed higher levels of the Trp uptake system consisting of CD98 and LAT1 with functional consequences. IDO1 expression was regulated via both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, depending on the cancer type. Serial transplantation of TICs in mice resulted in gradually increased IDO1. Mitocans, represented by α-tocopheryl succinate and mitochondrially targeted vitamin E succinate (MitoVES), suppressed IDO1 in TICs. MitoVES suppressed IDO1 in TICs with functional mitochondrial complex II, involving transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. IDO1 increase and its suppression by VE analogues were replicated in TICs from primary human glioblastomas. Our work indicates that IDO1 is increased in TICs and that mitocans suppress the protein.

• MeSH
• alfa-tokoferol farmakologie   MeSH
• antigeny CD98 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fytogenní protinádorové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• indolamin-2,3,-dioxygenasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• kynurenin metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolické sítě a dráhy účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• mitochondrie účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorové kmenové buňky účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• přenašeč velkých neutrálních aminokyselin 1 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů * MeSH
• respirační komplex II genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• tryptofan metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH