Over the past decade, the escalating prevalence of copper (Cu) pollution in soil has raised significant concerns due to its potential detrimental impacts on soil quality, microbial communities, plant health, food security, and land degradation. Despite extensive research, the response mechanisms, threshold levels, and reliable indicators of Cu pollution remain debated. Therefore, comprehensive studies are needed to gain a better understanding of these dynamics. This study address these gaps by: (1) evaluating Cu toxicity effects on soil biological, biochemical, barley germination, growth, biomass, and physiological parameters, and (2) identifying robust indicators for early assessment of Cu-associated risks. Soil was amended with CuSO4 at concentrations ranging from 0 to 210 mg kg-1. Factors exacerbating Cu toxicity included Cu concentration, pH levels, and the duration of Cu accumulation within the soil ecosystem. Consequently, at the highest Cu concentration a significant reduction in soil biological, biochemical, barley germination, growth, biomass, and physiological parameters was observed towards the end of the experiment. Simultaneously, there was a substantial increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and electrolyte leakage (EL) triggered by Cu presence. Correlation analyses highlighted bacterial populations, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase activity, respiration rates, pH levels, seedling fresh biomass and height, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, ROS levels, and MDA as sensitive indicators of Cu stress. As a result, these parameters are proposed as reliable indicators for predicting Cu toxicity thresholds, excessive accumulation, and associated risks within soil ecosystems. These indicators have implications not only for land degradation but also for food security considerations.

• Klíčová slova
• Barley physiological indexes, Cu toxicity, Soil biochemical indexes, Soil biological indexes,
• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• ječmen (rod) * růst a vývoj   účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * toxicita   MeSH
• měď * toxicita   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• měď * MeSH
• půda MeSH

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac (DCF) and naproxen (NPX), represent a group of environmental contaminants often detected in various water and soil samples. This work aimed to assess possible phytotoxic effects of DCF and NPX in concentrations 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L, both individually and in binary mixtures, on the seed germination and primary root elongation of crops, monocots Allium porrum and Zea mays, and dicots Lactuca sativa and Pisum sativum. Results proved that the seed germination was affected by neither individual drugs nor their mixture. The response of primary root length in monocot and dicot species to the same treatment was different. The Inhibition index (%) comparing the root length of drug-treated plants to controls proved to be approximately 10% inhibition in the case of dicots lettuce and pea, and nearly 20% inhibition in monocot leek, but almost 20% stimulation in monocot maize. Assessment of the binary mixture effect confirmed neither synergistic nor antagonistic interaction of DCF and NPX on early plant development in the applied concentration range.

• Klíčová slova
• Leek, Lettuce, Maize, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Pea, Phytotoxicity tests,
• MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní * toxicita   MeSH
• diklofenak * toxicita   MeSH
• hrách setý účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• klíčení * účinky léků   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin * účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kukuřice setá účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu toxicita   MeSH
• naproxen * toxicita   MeSH
• salát (hlávkový) účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• semena rostlinná * účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiflogistika nesteroidní * MeSH
• diklofenak * MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• naproxen * MeSH

Being a chilling-sensitive staple crop, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is vulnerable to climate change. The competence of rice to withstand chilling stress should, therefore, be enhanced through technological tools. The present study employed chemical intervention like application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as nitric oxide (NO) donor and elucidated the underlying morpho-physiological and biochemical mechanisms of NO-mediated chilling tolerance in rice plants. At germination stage, germination indicators were interrupted by chilling stress (5.0 ± 1.0 °C for 8 h day-1), while pretreatment with 100 μM SNP markedly improved all the indicators. At seedling stage (14-day-old), chilling stress caused stunted growth with visible toxicity along with alteration of biochemical markers, for example, increase in oxidative stress markers (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde) and osmolytes (total soluble sugar; proline and soluble protein content, SPC), and decrease in chlorophyll (Chl), relative water content (RWC), and antioxidants. However, NO application attenuated toxicity symptoms with improving growth attributes which might be related to enhance activities of antioxidants, mineral contents, Chl, RWC and SPC. Furthermore, principal component analysis indicated that water imbalance and increased oxidative damage were the main contributors to chilling injury, whereas NO-mediated mineral homeostasis and antioxidant defense were the critical determinants for chilling tolerance in rice. Collectively, our findings revealed that NO protects against chilling stress through valorizing cellular defense mechanisms, suggesting that exogenous application of NO could be a potential tool to evolve cold tolerance as well as climate resilience in rice.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidant system, Mineral homeostasis, Nitric oxide, Oxidative stress, Redox reaction, Rice, Temperature stress,
• MeSH
• donory oxidu dusnatého farmakologie   MeSH
• homeostáza účinky léků   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• malondialdehyd metabolismus   MeSH
• nitroprusid farmakologie   MeSH
• nízká teplota MeSH
• ochrana úrody metody   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• reakce na chladový šok fyziologie   MeSH
• rýže (rod) účinky léků   MeSH
• semenáček účinky léků   MeSH
• superoxidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• donory oxidu dusnatého MeSH
• malondialdehyd MeSH
• nitroprusid MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• peroxidasy MeSH
• superoxidy MeSH

Hydrogen peroxide promotes seed germination, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. This study presents the results of eggplant (Solanum melongena) germination analyses conducted at two different temperatures and follows the effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on seed germination and the seed proteome. Hydrogen peroxide was found to promote eggplant germination in a way not dissimilar to that of increased temperature stimuli. LC-MS profiling detected 729 protein families, 77 of which responded to a temperature increase or hydrogen peroxide treatment. These differentially abundant proteins were found to be involved in a number of processes, including protein and amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and the glyoxylate cycle. There was a very low overlap between hydrogen peroxide and temperature-responsive proteins, highlighting the differences behind the seemingly similar outcomes. Furthermore, the observed changes from the seed proteome indicate that hydrogen peroxide treatment diminished the seed endogenous hydrogen peroxide pool and that a part of manifested positive hydrogen peroxide effect might be related to altered sensitivity to abscisic acid.

• Klíčová slova
• eggplant, germination, hydrogen peroxide, proteomics, seed, temperature,
• MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• fyziologický stres účinky léků   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku farmakologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Solanum melongena účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

BACKGROUND: Strigolactones (SLs) have a vast number of ecological implications because of the broad spectrum of their biological activities. Unfortunately, the limited availability of SLs restricts their applicability for the benefit of humanity and renders synthesis the only option for their production. However, the structural complexity of SLs impedes their economical synthesis, which is unfeasible on a large scale. Synthesis of SL analogues and mimics with a simpler structure, but with retention of bioactivity, is the solution to this problem. RESULTS: Here, we present eight new hybrid-type SL analogues derived from auxin, synthesized via coupling of auxin ester [ethyl 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetate] and of ethyl 2-phenylacetate with four D-rings (mono-, two di- and trimethylated). The new hybrid-type SL analogues were bioassayed to assess the germination activity of seeds of the parasitic weeds Striga hermonthica, Orobanche minor and Phelipanche ramosa using the classical method of counting germinated seeds and a colorimetric method. The bioassays revealed that analogues with a natural monomethylated D-ring had appreciable to good activity towards the three species and were the most active derivatives. By contrast, derivatives with the trimethylated D-ring showed no activity. The dimethylated derivatives (2,4-dimethyl and 3,4-dimethyl) were slightly active, especially towards P. ramosa. CONCLUSIONS: New hybrid-type analogues derived from auxins have been prepared. These analogues may be attractive as potential suicidal germination agents for parasitic weed control because of their ease of preparation and relevant bioactivity. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

• Klíčová slova
• auxins, strigolactone analogues, strigolactones, suicidal germination,
• MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• kontrola plevele metody   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové chemie   MeSH
• laktony chemická syntéza   MeSH
• Orobanchaceae účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Orobanche účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• plevel účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• semena rostlinná účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Striga účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
• laktony MeSH

The biologically active molecules karrikinolide (KAR1) and trimethylbutenolide (TMB) present in wildfire smoke play a key role in regulating seed germination of many plant species. To elucidate the physiological mechanism by which smoke-water (SW), KAR1, and TMB regulate seed germination in photosensitive 'Grand Rapids' lettuce (Lactuca sativa), we investigated levels of the dormancy-inducing hormone abscisic acid (ABA), three auxin catabolites, and cytokinins (26 isoprenoid and four aromatic) in response to these compounds. Activity of the hydrolytic enzymes α-amylase and lipase along with stored food reserves (lipids, carbohydrate, starch, and protein) were also assessed. The smoke compounds precisely regulated ABA and hydrolytic enzymes under all light conditions. ABA levels under red (R) light were not significantly different in seeds treated with TMB or water. However, TMB-treated seeds showed significantly inhibited germination (33%) compared with water controls (100%). KAR1 significantly enhanced total isoprenoid cytokinins under dark conditions in comparison with other treatments; however, there was no significant effect under R light. Enhanced levels of indole-3-aspartic acid (an indicator of high indole-3-acetic acid accumulation, which inhibits lettuce seed germination) and absence of trans-zeatin and trans-zeatin riboside (the most active cytokinins) in TMB-treated seeds might be responsible for reduced germination under R light. Our results demonstrate that SW and KAR1 significantly promote lettuce seed germination by reducing levels of ABA and enhancing the activity of hydrolytic enzymes, which aids in mobilizing stored reserves. However, TMB inhibits germination by enhancing ABA levels and reducing the activity of hydrolytic enzymes.

• MeSH
• furany farmakologie   MeSH
• fytochrom metabolismus   MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• kouř * MeSH
• lékové interakce MeSH
• pyrany farmakologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• salát (hlávkový) účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• furany MeSH
• fytochrom MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton MeSH
• karrikinolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• kouř * MeSH
• pyrany MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• trimethylbutenolide MeSH Prohlížeč

BACKGROUND: Strigolactones are a unique class of plant metabolites which serve as a rhizosphere signal for parasitic plants and evocate their seed germination. The expansion of these parasitic weeds in the food crop fields urgently calls for their increased control and depletion. Simple strigolactone analogues able to stimulate seed germination of these parasitic plants may represent an efficient control measure through the induction of suicidal germination. RESULTS: Triazolide-type strigolactone mimics were easily synthesized in three steps from commercially available materials. These derivatives induced effectively seed germination of Phelipanche ramosa with EC50 as low as 5.2 × 10-10 M. These mimics did not induce seed germination of Striga hermonthica even at high concentration (≥1 × 10-5 M). CONCLUSIONS: Simple and stable strigolactone mimics with selective activity against Phelipanche ramosa were synthesized. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

• Klíčová slova
• Arabidopsis, Phelipanche, Striga, seed germination, strigolactones,
• MeSH
• herbicidy chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• laktony chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• Orobanchaceae účinky léků   MeSH
• plevel účinky léků   MeSH
• semena rostlinná účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• herbicidy MeSH
• laktony MeSH
• triazolide strigolactone MeSH Prohlížeč

This paper analyzes the effect of caesium (Cs) concentration on seed germination, seedling growth, root uptake, and leaf uptake of Lactuca sativa to understand the potential transfer of the metal from contaminated soil to humans through the food chain. The results of germination experiments show that seed germination and seedling growth strongly depend on increasing Cs concentration, with a decrease in the number of germinated seeds compared to the control up to 13.6% and a reduction in seedling growth up to 10.3% at the highest Cs tested concentration (15 mM). Uptake experiments indicate a low transfer of Cs from soil to leaves and roots of the plants, ranging between 0.06% and 2.2%. The transfer is found to be a not-monotone function of soil potassium (K) content, with highest values corresponding to 1-2 mM K2SO4. Increasing concentrations of K lead to lower translocation of Cs from roots to leaves. Values above the average amount applied (20 and 40 mM K2SO4) almost stop the translocation, suggesting the use of a high amount of K2SO4 protects the food chain from Cs contamination.

• Klíčová slova
• Caesium, Food chain, Germination, Lactuca sativa, Potassium, Uptake,
• MeSH
• biologický transport MeSH
• cesium analýza   MeSH
• draslík analýza   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• listy rostlin chemie   MeSH
• potravní řetězec * MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• semenáček účinky léků   MeSH
• zelenina chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cesium MeSH
• draslík MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• půda MeSH

Early stages of ontogenesis determining subsequent growth, development, and productivity of crops can be affected by wastewater and sludge contaminated with pharmaceuticals. Diclofenac (DCF) and paracetamol (PCT; both 0.0001 to 10 mg/L) did not affect seed germination and primary root length of onion, lettuce, pea, and tomato. Conversely, 20-day-old pea and maize plants exhibited decrease in biomass production, leaf area (by approx. 40% in pea and 70% in maize under 10 mg/L DCF), or content of photosynthetic pigments (by 10% and 60% under 10 mg/L PCT). Quantum yields of photosystem II were reduced only in maize (FV/FM and ΦII by more than 40% under 10 mg/L of both pharmaceuticals). Contents of H2O2 and superoxide increased in roots of both species (more than four times under 10 mg/L PCT in pea). Activities of antioxidant enzymes were elevated in pea under DCF treatments, but decreased in maize under both pharmaceuticals. Oxidative injury of root cells expressed as lowered oxidoreductase activity (MTT assay, by 40% in pea and 80% in maize) and increase in malondialdehyde content (by 60% and 100%) together with the membrane integrity disruption (higher Evans Blue accumulation, by 100% in pea and 300% in maize) confirmed higher sensitivity of maize as a C4 monocot plant to both pharmaceuticals.

• Klíčová slova
• Content of pharmaceuticals, Crop plants, Growth, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Oxidative stress,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia analýza   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• diklofenak analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• fotosyntéza účinky léků   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• malondialdehyd analýza   MeSH
• odpadní voda chemie   MeSH
• paracetamol analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• semena rostlinná účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• diklofenak MeSH
• malondialdehyd MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• paracetamol MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH

Somatic embryogenesis is an important biotechnological technique which can be used in studies associated with environmental stress. Four embryogenic cell lines of Norway spruce were grown on media enriched with copper and arsenic in concentration ranges 50-500 μM and 10-50 μM, respectively. The effects were observed during subsequent stages of somatic embryogenesis, the characteristics evaluated being proliferation potential, average number of somatic embryos obtained per g/fresh weight, morphology of developed somatic embryos, metal uptake, and microanalysis of macro- and micronutrients uptake. Copper and arsenic at higher concentrations significantly reduced the growth of early somatic embryos. In almost all treatments, the cell line V-1-3 showed the best performance compared with the other lines tested. Environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize and identify morphological abnormalities in the development of somatic embryos. Abnormalities observed were classified into several categories: meristemless somatic embryos, somatic embryos with disrupted meristem, reduced number of cotyledons, single cotyledon and fused cotyledons. With the application of a low temperature method for the environmental scanning electron microscope, samples were stabilized and whole meristems could be investigated in their native state. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of the effect of copper and arsenic during the process of somatic embryogenesis and the first to evaluate the content of macro and micronutrients uptake in Norway spruce.

• Klíčová slova
• Arsenic, Copper, Environmental scanning electron microscope, Picea abies (L.) Karst., Somatic embryogenesis,
• MeSH
• aktivní transport MeSH
• arsen farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• biotechnologie MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• měď farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• smrk účinky léků   embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• arsen MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• měď MeSH