Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been observed with increasing frequency over the past decades, driving the search for new drugs and stimulating the interest in natural products sources. Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants represent a great source of novel bioactive compounds useful to pharmaceutical and agronomical purposes. Diaporthe terebinthifolii is an endophytic species isolated from Schinus terebinthifolius, a plant used in popular medicine for several health problems. The strain D. terebinthifolii LGMF907 was previously reported by our group to produce secondary metabolites with biological activity against phytopathogens. Based on these data, strain LGMF907 was chosen for bioprospecting against microorganisms of clinical importance and for characterization of major secondary metabolites. In this study, different culture conditions were evaluated and the biological activity of this strain was expanded. The crude extracts demonstrated high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The compounds diaporthin and orthosporin were characterized and also showed activity against the clinical microorganisms evaluated. This study discloses the first isolation of diaporthin and orthosporin from D. terebinthifolii, and revealed the potential of this endophytic fungus to produce secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity.

• Klíčová slova
• Diaporthe terebinthifolii, Diaporthin, Endophyte, Orthosporin, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Secondary metabolites,
• MeSH
• antiinfekční látky chemie   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   MeSH
• bioprospekting * MeSH
• endofyty chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• Mycobacterium účinky léků   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae účinky léků   MeSH
• Saccharomycetales chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH

Diaporthe species are important pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on grapevines. Several species are known, either as agents of pre- or post-harvest infections, as causal agents of many relevant diseases, including swelling arm, trunk cankers, leaf spots, root and fruit rots, wilts, and cane bleaching. A growing body of evidence exists that a class of small non-coding endogenous RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation, during plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we explored differentially expressed miRNAs in response to Diaporthe eres and Diaporthe bohemiae infection in Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay under in vitro conditions. We used computational methods to predict putative miRNA targets in order to explore the involvement of possible pathogen response pathways. We identified 136 known and 41 new miRNA sequence variants, likely generated through post-transcriptional modifications. In the Diaporthe eres treatment, 61 known and 17 new miRNAs were identified while in the Diaporthe bohemiae treatment, 101 known and 21 new miRNAs were revealed. Our results contribute to further understanding the role miRNAs play during plant pathogenesis, which is possibly crucial in understanding disease symptom development in grapevines infected by D. eres and D. bohemiae.

• Klíčová slova
• RT-qPCR, grapevine, high-throughput sequencing, miRNA,
• MeSH
• Ascomycota patogenita   MeSH
• mikro RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• Vitis genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mikro RNA MeSH

Species of Diaporthe are considered important plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on a wide range of plant hosts. Several species are well-known on grapevines, either as agents of pre- or post-harvest infections, including Phomopsis cane and leaf spot, cane bleaching, swelling arm and trunk cankers. In this study we explore the occurrence, diversity and pathogenicity of Diaporthe spp. associated with Vitis vinifera in major grape production areas of Europe and Israel, focusing on nurseries and vineyards. Surveys were conducted in Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Spain and the UK. A total of 175 Diaporthe strains were isolated from asymptomatic and symptomatic shoots, branches and trunks. A multi-locus phylogeny was established based on five genomic loci (ITS, tef1, cal, his3 and tub2), and the morphological characters of the isolates were determined. Preliminary pathogenicity tests were performed on green grapevine shoots with representative isolates. The most commonly isolated species were D. eres and D. ampelina. Four new Diaporthe species described here as D. bohemiae, D. celeris, D. hispaniae and D. hungariae were found associated with affected vines. Pathogenicity tests revealed D. baccae, D. celeris, D. hispaniae and D. hungariae as pathogens of grapevines. No symptoms were caused by D. bohemiae. This study represents the first report of D. ambigua and D. baccae on grapevines in Europe. The present study improves our understanding of the species associated with several disease symptoms on V. vinifera plants, and provides useful information for effective disease management.

• Klíčová slova
• Vitis, canker, multi-locus sequence typing, pathogenicity,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The genome sequence of a mitovirus found in an isolate of Diaporthe rudis, one of the causal agents of Phomopsis dieback on grapevines, was determined by two high-throughput sequencing approaches, small RNA and total RNA sequencing. The genome of this mitovirus is 2,455 nt in length and includes a single large open reading frame (ORF) encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). A BLASTx comparison of the full-length genome sequence showed the highest similarity (54.15%) with that of Colletotrichum falcatum mitovirus 1 (CfMV1). Our results reveal a new member of the genus Mitovirus first detected in D. rudis (Fr.) Nitschke, with the proposed name "Diaporthe rudis mitovirus 1" (DrMV1).

• MeSH
• délka genomu MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genom virový * MeSH
• mykoviry klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce MeSH
• RNA-dependentní RNA-polymerasa genetika   MeSH
• Saccharomycetales virologie   MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
• virové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• Vitis mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA-dependentní RNA-polymerasa MeSH
• virové proteiny MeSH

Citrus black spot (CBS) and post-bloom fruit drop (PFD), caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa and Colletotrichum abscissum, respectively, are two important citrus diseases worldwide. CBS depreciates the market value and prevents exportation of citrus fruits to Europe. PFD under favorable climatic conditions can cause the abscission of flowers, thereby reducing citrus production by 80%. An ecofriendly alternative to control plant diseases is the use of endophytic microorganisms, or secondary metabolites produced by them. Strain LGMF1631, close related to Diaporthe cf. heveae 1, was isolated from the medicinal plant Stryphnodendron adstringens and showed significant antimicrobial activity, in a previous study. In view of the potential presented by strain LGMF1631, and the absence of chemical data for secondary metabolites produced by D. cf. heveae, we decided to characterize the compounds produced by strain LGMF1631. Based on ITS, TEF1, and TUB phylogenetic analysis, strain LGMF1631 was confirmed to belong to D. cf. heveae 1. Chemical assessment of the fungal strain LGMF1631 revealed one new seco-dihydroisocoumarin [cladosporin B (1)] along with six other related, already known dihydroisocoumarin derivatives and one monoterpene [(-)-(1S,2R,3S,4R)-p-menthane-1,2,3-triol (8)]. Among the isolated metabolites, compound 5 drastically reduced the growth of both phytopathogens in vitro and completely inhibited the development of CBS and PFD in citrus fruits and flowers. In addition, compound 5 did not show toxicity against human cancer cell lines or citrus leaves, at concentrations higher than used for the inhibition of the phytopathogens, suggesting the potential use of (-)-(3R,4R)-cis-4-hydroxy-5-methylmellein (5) to control citrus diseases.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Citrus mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Colletotrichum účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Fabaceae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• isokumariny chemie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ovoce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• průmyslové fungicidy chemie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• Saccharomycetales chemie   klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• isokumariny MeSH
• průmyslové fungicidy MeSH

The diversity of cultivable endophytic fungi in native subshrubs of the Brazilian Cerrado is largely unknown. This study investigated the cultivable endophytic mycobiome of stems, leaves, and flowers of Peltaea polymorpha (Malvaceae). In total, 208 endophytic fungi were isolated, 95 from stems, 65 from leaves, and 48 from flowers. The isolates were classified as ascomycetes belonging to three classes, eight orders, ten families, 12 genera, and 31 species. Diaporthe, Nigrospora, and Colletotrichum were the dominant genera in the three analyzed organs. The richness estimators suggested that the number of species might be slightly higher than observed. The highest values for the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were observed in stems. Beta diversity showed overlapping of fungal communities in different organs, with a high rate of sharing of taxa. Furthermore, the dominant primary fungal lifestyles were plant pathogens and saprobes. Our findings show that the cultivable endophytic fungal community of P. polymorpha is species-rich and that communities in different organs share genera and species.

• Klíčová slova
• Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Peltaea polymorpha, Cerrado, Functional guilds,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Juglans regia L. (English walnut) trees with cankers and dieback symptoms were observed in two regions in the Czech Republic. Isolations were made from diseased branches. In total, 138 fungal isolates representing 10 fungal species were obtained from wood samples and identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular methods: Cadophora novi-eboraci, Cadophora spadicis, Cryptovalsa ampelina, Diaporthe eres, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora, Eutypa lata, Eutypella sp., Peroneutypa scoparia, and Phaeoacremonium sicilianum. Pathogenicity tests conducted under field conditions with all species using the mycelium-plug method indicated that Eutypa lata and Cadophora spp. were highly virulent to woody stems of walnut. This is the first study to detect and identify fungal trunk pathogens associated with diseased walnut trees in Europe.

• Klíčová slova
• Botryosphaeriaceae, Cadophora, Diaporthe, Diatrypaceae, phylogenetic analysis, sequencing, trunk pathogens, walnut trees,
• MeSH
• Juglans * MeSH
• nemoci rostlin MeSH
• Vitis * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) pose a major threat to the wine industry worldwide. Currently, efficient biological methods or chemical compounds are not available for the treatment of infected grapevines. In the present study, we used an extract from the knotwood of spruce trees as a biological control against GTDs. Our in vitro trial was focused on the antifungal effects of the extract against the most common GTD pathogens-Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Dactylonectria torresensis, Diaporthe ampelina, Diaporthe bohemiae, Diplodia seriata, Eutypa lata, and Phaeoacremonium minimum. Our in vitro trial revealed a high antifungal effect of the extract against all tested fungi. The inhibition rates varied among the different species from 30% to 100% using 1 mg·mL-1 extract. Subsequently, the efficiency of the extract was supported by an in planta experiment. Commercial grafts of Vitis vinifera were treated with the extract and planted. The total genomic DNA of grapevines was extracted 10 days and 180 days after the treatment. The fungal microbial diversities of the treated/untreated plants were compared using high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS). Treated plants showed 76.9% lower relative abundance of the genus Diaporthe and 70% lower relative abundance of the genus Phaeoacremonium 10 days after treatment. A similar scenario was observed for the genus Cadophora 180 days after treatment, where treated plants showed 76% lower relative abundance of this genus compared with untreated grapevines.

• Klíčová slova
• 7-hydroxymatairesinol, GTD, HMR, Norway spruce, bioprotection, grapevine, wood extract,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Twenty-three pyrenomycete species were tested for antibiotic activity in submerged cultures. When they were screened against bacteria and fungi, 15 showed positive results. Among these, Eutypa acharii, Diaporthe pustulata, Melanconis flavovirens and Camarops microspora were quite promising against bacteria and/or fungi. An antibacterial antibiotic from Camarops microspora was partially purified and characterized.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• Ascomycota analýza   MeSH
• Bacillus subtilis účinky léků   MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky MeSH
• Candida účinky léků   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• ponoření * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Neoseptorioides eucalypti gen. & sp. nov. from Eucalyptus radiata leaves, Phytophthora gondwanensis from soil, Diaporthe tulliensis from rotted stem ends of Theobroma cacao fruit, Diaporthe vawdreyi from fruit rot of Psidium guajava, Magnaporthiopsis agrostidis from rotted roots of Agrostis stolonifera and Semifissispora natalis from Eucalyptus leaf litter. Furthermore, Neopestalotiopsis egyptiaca is described from Mangifera indica leaves (Egypt), Roussoella mexicana from Coffea arabica leaves (Mexico), Calonectria monticola from soil (Thailand), Hygrocybe jackmanii from littoral sand dunes (Canada), Lindgomyces madisonensis from submerged decorticated wood (USA), Neofabraea brasiliensis from Malus domestica (Brazil), Geastrum diosiae from litter (Argentina), Ganoderma wiiroense on angiosperms (Ghana), Arthrinium gutiae from the gut of a grasshopper (India), Pyrenochaeta telephoni from the screen of a mobile phone (India) and Xenoleptographium phialoconidium gen. & sp. nov. on exposed xylem tissues of Gmelina arborea (Indonesia). Several novelties are introduced from Spain, namely Psathyrella complutensis on loamy soil, Chlorophyllum lusitanicum on nitrified grasslands (incl. Chlorophyllum arizonicum comb. nov.), Aspergillus citocrescens from cave sediment and Lotinia verna gen. & sp. nov. from muddy soil. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Phyllosticta carissicola from Carissa macrocarpa, Pseudopyricularia hagahagae from Cyperaceae and Zeloasperisporium searsiae from Searsia chirindensis. Furthermore, Neophaeococcomyces is introduced as a novel genus, with two new combinations, N. aloes and N. catenatus. Several foliicolous novelties are recorded from La Réunion, France, namely Ochroconis pandanicola from Pandanus utilis, Neosulcatispora agaves gen. & sp. nov. from Agave vera-cruz, Pilidium eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus robusta, Strelitziana syzygii from Syzygium jambos (incl. Strelitzianaceae fam. nov.) and Pseudobeltrania ocoteae from Ocotea obtusata (Beltraniaceae emend.). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

• Klíčová slova
• ITS DNA barcodes, LSU, novel fungal species, systematics,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH