Grassland is of major importance for agricultural production and provides valuable ecosystem services. Its impact is likely to rise in changing socio-economic and climatic environments. High yielding forage grass species are major components of sustainable grassland production. Understanding the genome structure and function of grassland species provides opportunities to accelerate crop improvement and thus to mitigate the future challenges of increased feed and food demand, scarcity of natural resources such as water and nutrients, and high product qualities. In this review, we will discuss a selection of technological developments that served as main drivers to generate new insights into the structure and function of nuclear genomes. Many of these technologies were originally developed in human or animal science and are now increasingly applied in plant genomics. Our main goal is to highlight the benefits of using these technologies for forage and turf grass genome research, to discuss their potentials and limitations as well as their relevance for future applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Cytogenetics, Epigenetics, Flow cytometry, Forage and turf grasses, Genome zipper, Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), Genotyping by sequencing (GBS), Next generation sequencing (NGS), QTL analysis, Transcriptome sequencing,
• MeSH
• biotechnologie MeSH
• chov MeSH
• genom rostlinný genetika   MeSH
• genomika metody   MeSH
• lipnicovité * klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Downy mildews are the most speciose group of oomycetes and affect crops of great economic importance. So far, there is only a single deeply-sequenced downy mildew genome available, from Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Further genomic resources for downy mildews are required to study their evolution, including pathogenicity effector proteins, such as RxLR effectors. Plasmopara halstedii is a devastating pathogen of sunflower and a potential pathosystem model to study downy mildews, as several Avr-genes and R-genes have been predicted and unlike Arabidopsis downy mildew, large quantities of almost contamination-free material can be obtained easily. RESULTS: Here a high-quality draft genome of Plasmopara halstedii is reported and analysed with respect to various aspects, including genome organisation, secondary metabolism, effector proteins and comparative genomics with other sequenced oomycetes. Interestingly, the present analyses revealed further variation of the RxLR motif, suggesting an important role of the conservation of the dEER-motif. Orthology analyses revealed the conservation of 28 RxLR-like core effectors among Phytophthora species. Only six putative RxLR-like effectors were shared by the two sequenced downy mildews, highlighting the fast and largely independent evolution of two of the three major downy mildew lineages. This is seemingly supported by phylogenomic results, in which downy mildews did not appear to be monophyletic. CONCLUSIONS: The genome resource will be useful for developing markers for monitoring the pathogen population and might provide the basis for new approaches to fight Phytophthora and downy mildew pathogens by targeting core pathogenicity effectors.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• faktory virulence genetika   MeSH
• fosfolipidy metabolismus   MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom fungální * MeSH
• genomika metody   MeSH
• Helianthus mikrobiologie   MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
• oomycety klasifikace   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Phytophthora genetika   MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
• repetitivní sekvence nukleových kyselin MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• faktory virulence MeSH
• fosfolipidy MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH

BACKGROUND: Haynaldia villosa (H. villosa) has been recognized as a species potentially useful for wheat improvement. The availability of its genomic sequences will boost its research and application. RESULTS: In this work, the short arm of H. villosa chromosome 4V (4VS) was sorted by flow cytometry and sequenced using Illumina platform. About 170.6 Mb assembled sequences were obtained. Further analysis showed that repetitive elements accounted for about 64.6% of 4VS, while the coding fraction, which is corresponding to 1977 annotated genes, represented 1.5% of the arm. The syntenic regions of the 4VS were searched and identified on wheat group 4 chromosomes 4AL, 4BS, 4DS, Brachypodium chromosomes 1 and 4, rice chromosomes 3 and 11, and sorghum chromosomes 1, 5 and 8. Based on genome-zipper analysis, a virtual gene order comprising 735 gene loci on 4VS genome was built by referring to the Brachypodium genome, which was relatively consistent with the scaffold order determined for Ae. tauschii chromosome 4D. The homologous alleles of several cloned genes on wheat group 4 chromosomes including Rht-1 gene were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The sequences provided valuable information for mapping and positional-cloning genes located on 4VS, such as the wheat yellow mosaic virus resistance gene Wss1. The work on 4VS provided detailed insights into the genome of H. villosa, and may also serve as a model for sequencing the remaining parts of H. villosa genome.

• Klíčová slova
• Chromosome arm 4VS, Flow sorting, Genome zipper, Haynaldia villosa, Scaffold,
• MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• lipnicovité genetika   MeSH
• mapování chromozomů MeSH
• pořadí genů genetika   MeSH
• repetitivní sekvence nukleových kyselin genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This paper presents a simple program for interactive searching for nucleotide sequences that may code for the helix-turn-helix, zinc finger or leucine zipper motifs in proteins. The helix-turn-helix motifs are predicted using the recently published method of Dodd and Egan, while zinc fingers and leucine zippers are searched for by our original methods. DNABIND is shown to detect all four known helix-turn-helix motifs in bacteriophage lambda genes and both zinc fingers of the adr1 gene of yeast.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• bakteriofág lambda MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny genetika   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• genom MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• leucinové zipy MeSH
• mikropočítače MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• rozpoznávání automatizované * MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• software * MeSH
• uživatelské rozhraní počítače MeSH
• virové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• zinkové prsty MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA vazebné proteiny MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• virové proteiny MeSH

Barley chromosome 5H, carrying important QTLs for plant adaptation and tolerance to abiotic stresses, is extremely instable in the wheat genetic background and is eliminated in the early generations of wheat-barley crosses. A spontaneous wheat-barley 5HS-7DS.7DL translocation was previously obtained among the progenies of the Mv9kr1 x Igri hybrid. The present work reports on the transfer of the 5HS-7DS.7DL translocation into a modern wheat cultivar, Mv Bodri, in order to use it in the wheat breeding program. The comparison of the hybridization bands of DNA repeats HvT01, pTa71, (GAA)n and the barley centromere-specific (AGGGAG)n in Igri barley and the 5HS-7DS.7DL translocation, together with the visualization of the barley chromatin made it possible to determine the size of the introgressed barley segment, which was approximately 74% of the whole 5HS. Of the 29 newly developed PCR markers, whose source ESTs were selected from the Genome Zipper of barley chromosome 5H, 23 were mapped in the introgressed 1-0.26 FL 5HS bin, three were located in the missing C-0.26 FL region, while three markers were specific for 5HL. The translocation breakpoint was flanked by markers Hv7502 and Hv3949. A comparison of the parental wheat cultivars and the wheat-barley introgression lines indicated that the presence of the translocation improved tillering ability in the Mv9kr1 and Mv Bodri genetic background. The similar or better yield components under high- or low-input cultivation environments, respectively, indicated that the 5HS-7DS.7DL translocation had little or no negative effect on yield components, making it a promising genotype to improve wheat genetic diversity. These results promise to accelerate functional genomic studies on barley chromosome 5H and to support pre-breeding and breeding research on wheat.

• MeSH
• chromatin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin MeSH
• exprimované sekvenční adresy MeSH
• genetická vazba MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• hybridizace genetická MeSH
• ječmen (rod) genetika   MeSH
• mapování chromozomů MeSH
• pšenice genetika   MeSH
• translokace genetická * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chromatin MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH

The capacity of the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome to tolerate introgression from related genomes can be exploited for wheat improvement. A resistance to powdery mildew expressed by a derivative of the cross-bread wheat cv. Tähti × T. militinae (Tm) is known to be due to the incorporation of a Tm segment into the long arm of chromosome 4A. Here, a newly developed in silico method termed rearrangement identification and characterization (RICh) has been applied to characterize the introgression. A virtual gene order, assembled using the GenomeZipper approach, was obtained for the native copy of chromosome 4A; it incorporated 570 4A DArTseq markers to produce a zipper comprising 2132 loci. A comparison between the native and introgressed forms of the 4AL chromosome arm showed that the introgressed region is located at the distal part of the arm. The Tm segment, derived from chromosome 7G, harbours 131 homoeologs of the 357 genes present on the corresponding region of Chinese Spring 4AL. The estimated number of Tm genes transferred along with the disease resistance gene was 169. Characterizing the introgression's position, gene content and internal gene order should not only facilitate gene isolation, but may also be informative with respect to chromatin structure and behaviour studies.

• Klíčová slova
• GenomeZipper, alien introgression, chromosome rearrangement, chromosome translocation, comparative analysis, linkage drag,
• MeSH
• Ascomycota patogenita   MeSH
• chléb MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA rostlinná genetika   MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• mapování chromozomů MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
• nemoci rostlin genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• odolnost vůči nemocem MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• pšenice genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rostlinné geny MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• translokace genetická MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA rostlinná MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH

Despite the completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence, for only a relatively low percentage of the encoded proteins experimental evidence concerning their function is available. Plant proteins that harbour a single PLAT (Polycystin, Lipoxygenase, Alpha-toxin and Triacylglycerol lipase) domain and belong to the PLAT-plant-stress protein family are ubiquitously present in monocot and dicots. However, the function of PLAT-plant-stress proteins is still poorly understood. Therefore, we have assessed the function of the uncharacterised Arabidopsis PLAT-plant-stress family members through a combination of functional genetic and physiological approaches. PLAT1 overexpression conferred increased abiotic stress tolerance, including cold, drought and salt stress, while loss-of-function resulted in opposite effects on abiotic stress tolerance. Strikingly, PLAT1 promoted growth under non-stressed conditions. Abiotic stress treatments induced PLAT1 expression and caused expansion of its expression domain. The ABF/ABRE transcription factors, which are positive mediators of abscisic acid signalling, activate PLAT1 promoter activity in transactivation assays and directly bind to the ABRE elements located in this promoter in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. This suggests that PLAT1 represents a novel downstream target of the abscisic acid signalling pathway. Thus, we showed that PLAT1 critically functions as positive regulator of abiotic stress tolerance, but also is involved in regulating plant growth, and thereby assigned a function to this previously uncharacterised PLAT domain protein. The functional data obtained for PLAT1 support that PLAT-plant-stress proteins in general could be promising targets for improving abiotic stress tolerance without yield penalty.

• MeSH
• aktivace transkripce MeSH
• Arabidopsis klasifikace   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• kyselina abscisová farmakologie   MeSH
• nízká teplota MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• retardační test MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• soli chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• stres endoplazmatického retikula účinky léků   MeSH
• transkripční faktory bZIP genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tunikamycin toxicita   MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyselina abscisová MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku MeSH
• soli MeSH
• transkripční faktory bZIP MeSH
• tunikamycin MeSH

The huge size, redundancy, and highly repetitive nature of the bread wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)] genome, makes it among the most difficult species to be sequenced. To overcome these limitations, a strategy based on the separation of individual chromosomes or chromosome arms and the subsequent production of physical maps was established within the frame of the International Wheat Genome Sequence Consortium (IWGSC). A total of 95,812 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones of short-arm chromosome 5A (5AS) and long-arm chromosome 5A (5AL) arm-specific BAC libraries were fingerprinted and assembled into contigs by complementary analytical approaches based on the FingerPrinted Contig (FPC) and Linear Topological Contig (LTC) tools. Combined anchoring approaches based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker screening, microarray, and sequence homology searches applied to several genomic tools (i.e., genetic maps, deletion bin map, neighbor maps, BAC end sequences (BESs), genome zipper, and chromosome survey sequences) allowed the development of a high-quality physical map with an anchored physical coverage of 75% for 5AS and 53% for 5AL with high portions (64 and 48%, respectively) of contigs ordered along the chromosome. In the genome of grasses, Brachypodium [Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv.], rice (Oryza sativa L.), and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] homologs of genes on wheat chromosome 5A were separated into syntenic blocks on different chromosomes as a result of translocations and inversions during evolution. The physical map presented represents an essential resource for fine genetic mapping and map-based cloning of agronomically relevant traits and a reference for the 5A sequencing projects.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), an aggressive CD30-positive T-cell lymphoma, comprises systemic anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive, and ALK-negative, primary cutaneous and breast implant-associated ALCL. Prognosis of some ALCL subgroups is still unsatisfactory, and already in second line effective treatment options are lacking. To identify genes defining ALCL cell state and dependencies, we here characterize super-enhancer regions by genome-wide H3K27ac ChIP-seq. In addition to known ALCL key regulators, the AP-1-member BATF3 and IL-2 receptor (IL2R)-components are among the top hits. Specific and high-level IL2R expression in ALCL correlates with BATF3 expression. Confirming a regulatory link, IL-2R-expression decreases following BATF3 knockout, and BATF3 is recruited to IL2R regulatory regions. Functionally, IL-2, IL-15 and Neo-2/15, a hyper-stable IL-2/IL-15 mimic, accelerate ALCL growth and activate STAT1, STAT5 and ERK1/2. In line, strong IL-2Rα-expression in ALCL patients is linked to more aggressive clinical presentation. Finally, an IL-2Rα-targeting antibody-drug conjugate efficiently kills ALCL cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results highlight the importance of the BATF3/IL-2R-module for ALCL biology and identify IL-2Rα-targeting as a promising treatment strategy for ALCL.

• MeSH
• anaplastický velkobuněčný lymfom farmakoterapie   genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• antigen Ki-1 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• imunokonjugáty farmakologie   MeSH
• interleukin-15 farmakologie   MeSH
• interleukin-2 farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• receptor interleukinu-2 - alfa-podjednotka genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory interleukinu-2 genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
• regulační oblasti nukleových kyselin MeSH
• represorové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• transkripční faktory bZIP genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• xenogenní modely - testy antitumorózní aktivity MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigen Ki-1 MeSH
• BATF3 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• IL2RA protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• imunokonjugáty MeSH
• interleukin-15 MeSH
• interleukin-2 MeSH
• receptor interleukinu-2 - alfa-podjednotka MeSH
• receptory interleukinu-2 MeSH
• represorové proteiny MeSH
• transkripční faktory bZIP MeSH

TFEB is overexpressed in TFEB-rearranged renal cell carcinomas as well as in renal tumors with amplifications of TFEB at 6p21.1. As recent literature suggests that renal tumors with 6p21.1 amplification behave more aggressively than those with rearrangements of TFEB, we compared relative TFEB gene expression in these tumors. This study included 37 TFEB-altered tumors: 15 6p21.1-amplified and 22 TFEB-rearranged (including 5 cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas data set). TFEB status was verified using a combination of fluorescent in situ hybridization (n=27) or comprehensive molecular profiling (n=13) and digital droplet polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify TFEB mRNA expression in 6p21.1-amplified (n=9) and TFEB-rearranged renal tumors (n=19). These results were correlated with TFEB immunohistochemistry. TFEB-altered tumors had higher TFEB expression when normalized to B2M (mean: 168.9%, n=28), compared with non-TFEB-altered controls (mean: 7%, n=18, P=0.005). Interestingly, TFEB expression in tumors with rearrangements (mean: 224.7%, n=19) was higher compared with 6p21.1-amplified tumors (mean: 51.2%, n=9; P=0.06). Of note, classic biphasic morphology was only seen in TFEB-rearranged tumors and when present correlated with 6.8-fold higher TFEB expression (P=0.00004). Our results suggest that 6p21.1 amplified renal tumors show increased TFEB gene expression but not as much as t(6;11) renal tumors. These findings correlate with the less consistent/diffuse expression of downstream markers of TFEB activation (cathepsin K, melan A, HMB45) seen in the amplified neoplasms. This suggests that the aggressive biological behavior of 6p21.1 amplified renal tumors might be secondary to other genes at the 6p21.1 locus that are co-amplified, such as VEGFA and CCND3, or other genetic alterations.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• karcinom z renálních buněk diagnóza   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory ledvin diagnóza   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• transkripční faktory BHLH-Zip metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• TFEB protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• transkripční faktory BHLH-Zip MeSH