1614 blood samples from men and women in the Upper Nile region, Melut district (southern Sudan) were examined for HIV-antibodies. 109 samples were positive twice in the ELISA test, and 18 (1.1%) were confirmed by the IFT and Western Blot test.

In South Sudan, the Upper Nile region, approximately 5500 blood samples were collected in the districts of Melut, Gelhak, Tangveal, and others over the 1981-84 period. Various serological examinations for infections diseases were performed at the Hygiene Institute of Graz. The Institute began extensive testing for HIV antibodies in blood samples from many countries. The serum samples were taken at the Melut Hospital outpatient department from patients of both sexes and representing various age groups. Patients coming from surrounding villages undergoing treatment for different infectious diseases also were examined. The sera were not selected according to any Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) high risk groups, meaning the epidemiological studies cover a cross-section of the population. Both the ORGANON ELISA test and the IFT were used. The Western Blot was used as a confirmatory test. To date, 1614 sera from the Melut district of South Sudan have been examined. The sera were collected prior to a complete redistribution of the population because of a flood of refugees coming from the south. 109 sera were twice positive in the ELISA test. The sera were further tested with the Western Blot, and 18 showed a positive reaction. The results indicate the presence of HIV in the population of the Melut district, Upper Nile Region, South Sudan.

• Klíčová slova
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome *, Africa, Arab Countries, Developing Countries, Diseases *, Examinations And Diagnoses *, Hiv Infections *, Laboratory Examinations And Diagnoses *, Laboratory Procedures *, Northern Africa *, Sudan, Viral Diseases *,
• MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• HIV séropozitivita epidemiologie   MeSH
• HIV imunologie   MeSH
• imunosorpční techniky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protilátky virové analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Súdán MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protilátky virové MeSH

Sudan I [1-(phenylazo)-2-hydroxynaphthalene, C.I. Solvent Yellow 14, CAS No: 842-07-9] is used as the compound employed in chemical industry and to color materials such as hydrocarbon solvents, oils, fats, waxes, plastics, printing inks, shoe and floor polishes and gasoline. Such a wide used could result in a considerable human exposure. Sudan I is known to cause developments of tumors in the liver or urinary bladder in rats, mice, and rabbits, and is considered a possible weak human carcinogen and mutagen. This carcinogen is also a potent contact allergen and sensitizer. Here, we compare the data concerning the Sudan I oxidative metabolism catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) and peroxidase enzymes, which has been investigated in our laboratory during the last two decades. These two types of enzymes are responsible both for Sudan I detoxication and activation. Among the Sudan I metabolites, C-hydroxylated derivatives and a dimer of Sudan I are suggested to be the detoxication metabolites formed by CYPs and peroxidases, respectively. Metabolic activation of Sudan I by both types of enzymes leads to formation of reactive species (the benzenediazonium ion by CYP and Sudan I radicals by peroxidase) that bind to DNA and RNA, generating covalent adducts in vitro and in vivo. Whereas the structure of the major adduct formed by the benzenediazonium ion in DNA has already been identified to be the 8-(phenylazo)guanine adduct, the structures of adducts formed by peroxidase, have not been characterized as yet. Biological significance of the DNA adducts of Sudan I activated with CYP and peroxidase enzymes and further aims of investigations in this field are discussed in this study.

• Klíčová slova
• Sudan I, carcinogenic azo dye, cytochrome P450, oxidative activation, peroxidase,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Modulation of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1-mediated oxidative activation and detoxication of carcinogenic Sudan I by the heme-protein cytochrome b(5) (b(5)) was investigated. Another aim of the study was to examine the formation of Sudan I-DNA adducts in vivo. METHODS: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was employed for the separation of Sudan I metabolites formed by human recombinant CYPs and rat CYP1A1. The (32)P-postlabeling technique was utilized to determine Sudan I-DNA adducts. RESULTS: The capabilities of the most efficient CYP enzymes oxidizing Sudan I, human and rat recombinant CYP1A1, as well as of human recombinant CYP1A2, 2A6 and 3A4 were significantly increased by b(5), while reactions catalyzed by human CYP1B1, 2C8, 2C9 and 2E1 were insensitive to this heme protein. Sudan I oxidation catalyzed by CYP2B6, 2C19 and 2D6 was even decreased by b(5). The stimulation of the CYP1A1-mediated Sudan I oxidation was dependent on concentration of b(5). Likewise, the increase in CYP1A1-mediated formation of Sudan I-DNA adducts by b(5) was concentration dependent. Other proteins containing heme such as cytochrome c or myoglobin were without this effect. The major Sudan I-DNA adducts formed in vitro are also generated in vivo, in livers of rats treated with Sudan I. CONCLUSIONS: The data are the first report on the stimulation of CYP1A1-mediated oxidative reactions by b(5). In addition, the results demonstrating covalent binding of Sudan I to rat liver DNA in vivo indicate a genotoxic mechanism of Sudan I carcinogenicity in rats.

• MeSH
• adukty DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• barvicí látky farmakokinetika   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 metabolismus   MeSH
• cytochromy b5 fyziologie   MeSH
• DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• I. fáze biotransformace * MeSH
• králíci MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naftoly metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol MeSH Prohlížeč
• adukty DNA MeSH
• barvicí látky MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 MeSH
• cytochromy b5 MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• naftoly MeSH

A new MEKC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of four Sudan dyes in chili products. The separation and MS detection conditions were optimized to achieve fast, efficient, selective, and sensitive determination of Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, and Sudan IV dyes. The target compounds were extracted from chili samples with acetonitrile and cleaned by freeze-out. This two-step sample preparation led to excellent extraction efficiency and minimal matrix effect. The analytical performance of the method was very good, with r2 ≥ 0.9914 and limits of quantification lower than 22 μg kg-1. The precision was below 15.7%. The recovery for spiked samples ranged from 84.4 to 99.6%, with relative standard deviations less than 8.0%. For all evaluated samples, the matrix effects did not exceed ± 10%. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated with 20 chili products, two of which were found to contain Sudan I and IV residues.

• Klíčová slova
• Chili products, Mass spectrometry, Matrix effect, Micellar electrokinetic chromatography, Sudan dyes, Sweeping,
• MeSH
• analýza potravin metody   MeSH
• azosloučeniny analýza   MeSH
• barvicí látky analýza   MeSH
• Capsicum chemie   MeSH
• chromatografie micelární elektrokinetická kapilární metody   MeSH
• fluorokarbony chemie   MeSH
• kapryláty chemie   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• micely MeSH
• naftoly MeSH
• povrchově aktivní látky chemie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol MeSH Prohlížeč
• azosloučeniny MeSH
• barvicí látky MeSH
• fluorokarbony MeSH
• kapryláty MeSH
• micely MeSH
• naftoly MeSH
• perfluorooctanoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• povrchově aktivní látky MeSH
• Scarlet Red MeSH Prohlížeč
• sudan III MeSH Prohlížeč
• sudan red MeSH Prohlížeč

The environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a human carcinogen that reacts with DNA after metabolic activation catalysed by cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1 together with microsomal epoxide hydrolase. The azo dye Sudan I is a potent inducer of CYP1A1/2. Here, Wistar rats were either treated with single doses of BaP (150 mg/kg bw) or Sudan I (50 mg/kg bw) alone or with both compounds in combination to explore BaP-derived DNA adduct formation in vivo. Using 32P-postlabelling, DNA adducts generated by BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide were found in livers of rats treated with BaP alone or co-exposed to Sudan I. During co-exposure to Sudan I prior to BaP treatment, BaP-DNA adduct levels increased 2.1-fold in comparison to BaP treatment alone. Similarly, hepatic microsomes isolated from rats exposed to Sudan I prior to BaP treatment were also the most effective in generating DNA adducts in vitro with the activated metabolites BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol or BaP-9-ol as intermediates. DNA adduct formation correlated with changes in the expression and/or enzyme activities of CYP1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 in hepatic microsomes. Thus, BaP genotoxicity in rats in vivo appears to be related to the enhanced expression and/or activity of hepatic CYP1A1/2 and 1B1 caused by exposure of rats to the studied compounds. Our results indicate that the industrially employed azo dye Sudan I potentiates the genotoxicity of the human carcinogen BaP, and exposure to both substances at the same time seems to be hazardous to humans.

• Klíčová slova
• DNA-adducts, Sudan I, benzo[a]pyrene, cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1A2 and 1B1, genotoxicity, microsomal epoxide hydrolase,
• MeSH
• adukty DNA toxicita   MeSH
• barvicí látky toxicita   MeSH
• benzopyren toxicita   MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 metabolismus   MeSH
• jaterní mikrozomy účinky léků   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   MeSH
• karcinogeny životního prostředí toxicita   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• naftoly toxicita   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol MeSH Prohlížeč
• adukty DNA MeSH
• barvicí látky MeSH
• benzo(a)pyrene-DNA adduct MeSH Prohlížeč
• benzopyren MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 MeSH
• karcinogeny životního prostředí MeSH
• naftoly MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine oxidation of carcinogenic Sudan I by peroxidase and characterize the structure of its two major peroxidasemediated metabolites. Another target of the study was to evaluate a mechanism of this oxidation. METHODS: Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) detection was employed for the separation of Sudan I metabolites formed by peroxidase. UV/ VIS-, and mass- spectroscopy as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to characterize structures of two major Sudan I metabolites. RESULTS: Peroxidase oxidizes Sudan I by a one electron oxidation to eight products. Two major Sudan I metabolites were isolated by TLC on silica gel and HPLC and structurally characterized. The major product formed during the Sudan I oxidation by peroxidase is Sudan I metabolite M2, which corresponds to a Sudan I dimer molecule. The second major metabolite (M1) is the product of secondary, enzyme independent reactions, being formed from the Sudan I dimer that lost the benzenediazonium moiety. CONCLUSIONS: The data are the first report on structural characterization of Sudan I metabolites formed by its oxidation with peroxidase.

• MeSH
• chromatografie na tenké vrstvě MeSH
• elektrony MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• karcinogeny chemie   MeSH
• křenová peroxidasa chemie   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
• naftoly chemie   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• peroxid vodíku chemie   MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol MeSH Prohlížeč
• karcinogeny MeSH
• křenová peroxidasa MeSH
• naftoly MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH

1-(Phenylazo)-2-hydroxynaphthalene (Sudan I, Solvent Yellow 14) is a liver and urinary bladder carcinogen in mammals. Sudan I forms benzenediazonium ion during cytochrome P-450 catalyzed metabolism. Calf thymus DNA was reacted with Sudan I activated by microsomal enzymes or with benzenediazonium ion in vitro, and the adducts formed were analyzed by the 32P-postlabeling technique. Both enrichment procedures (1-butanol extraction and nuclease P1 digestion) of this technique were employed for detection and quantitation of the DNA adducts formed. Cochromatographic analyses of adduct spots obtained by reaction with DNA or homopolydeoxyribonucleotides showed that the major Sudan I-DNA adduct was formed with deoxyguanosine. This adduct was also found in DNA directly reacted with benzenediazonium ion. The major Sudan I-DNA adduct was characterized by UV/vis absorbance spectroscopy as well as by the chromatographic properties of the adduct on cellulose or poly(ethylenimine)--cellulose TLC and HPLC. The characteristics are identical to those of the adduct synthesized from benzenediazonium ion and guanine, identified by mass, UV/vis, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy as 8-(phenylazo)guanine. The results suggest strongly that benzenediazonium ion derived from Sudan I reacts with DNA in vitro to form the stable 8-(phenylazo)guanine adduct.

• MeSH
• adenin chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• adukty DNA chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• diazoniové sloučeniny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• guanin analogy a deriváty   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• jaterní mikrozomy metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinogeny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• naftoly chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• nukleotidy metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• skot MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
• subcelulární frakce účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol MeSH Prohlížeč
• 8-(phenylazo)guanine MeSH Prohlížeč
• adenin MeSH
• adukty DNA MeSH
• benzenediazonium MeSH Prohlížeč
• diazoniové sloučeniny MeSH
• guanin MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH
• naftoly MeSH
• nukleotidy MeSH

The metabolite of the carcinogenic azo dye Sudan I, 1-(phenylazo)-2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene (6-OH-Sudan I), which is considered to be the detoxification product of this dye is metabolized by prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) in the presence of arachidonic acid or H2O2 in vitro. The apparent Michaelis constant value for 6-OH-Sudan I as a substrate is 98.9 microM. 1-(Phenylazo)-2,6-naphthoquinone is a principal product of the 6-OH-Sudan I oxidation. This oxidation is inhibited by radical scavengers nitrosobenzene, ascorbate, glutathione and NADH. This indicates that PHS metabolizes 6-OH-Sudan I through a one-electron oxidation mechanism, giving rise to free radicals. During the PHS-mediated reaction, 6-OH-Sudan I is activated to metabolites binding to protein and DNA. The 32P-postlabeling analysis of DNA modified by activated 6-OH-Sudan I provides evidence that covalent binding to DNA is the principal type of DNA modification. The PHS-mediated binding of 6-OH-Sudan I to DNA presumably proceeds through formation of 1-(phenylazo)-2,6-naphthoquinone. The results suggest strongly that the C-hydroxylated derivative of Sudan I (6-OH-Sudan I) should be evaluated as a proximate carcinogenic metabolite, which may participate in the initiation of Sudan I-carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder.

• MeSH
• adukty DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• cyklooxygenasy fyziologie   MeSH
• DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinogeny metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolická inaktivace MeSH
• naftaleny metabolismus   MeSH
• naftoly metabolismus   MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol MeSH Prohlížeč
• adukty DNA MeSH
• cyklooxygenasy MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH
• naftaleny MeSH
• naftoly MeSH

Peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide catalyzes in vitro the activation of the carcinogenic azo dye Sudan I (1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalen) to tRNA-, homopolyribonucleotide- and 5'-monophosphate nucleoside-bound products. tRNA, poly G and guanosine 5'-monophosphate modified by activated Sudan I become colored and have an absorption maximum of approx. 480 nm. Cochromatographic analysis of adducts obtained by a reaction with tRNA and guanosine 5'-monophosphate on a thin layer of cellulose showed that the major Sudan I-tRNA adduct was formed by a reaction of activated Sudan I with guanosine in tRNA. The radical mechanism of the binding of the Sudan I molecule, containing the whole azo aromatic system, to nucleic acids is discussed.

• MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• guanosin metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinogeny metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kyselina 5'-guanylová metabolismus   MeSH
• naftoly metabolismus   MeSH
• nukleotidy metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• polyribonukleotidy metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA transferová metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol MeSH Prohlížeč
• barvicí látky MeSH
• guanosin MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH
• kyselina 5'-guanylová MeSH
• naftoly MeSH
• nukleotidy MeSH
• peroxidasa MeSH
• polyribonukleotidy MeSH
• RNA transferová MeSH

The C-hydroxyderivatives of the carcinogenic dye Sudan I, 1-phenylazo-2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and 1-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)-2-hydroxynaphthalene, which are considered to be detoxication products of this dye bind to DNA or tRNA after oxidation into active metabolites by peroxidase and H2O2 in vitro. The 32P-postlabeling analysis of DNA modified by active metabolites of both Sudan I derivatives provides evidence that the covalent binding to DNA is the principal type of DNA modification. Since the urinary bladder is rich in peroxidases, the participation of these enzymes in activation of detoxicating products of Sudan I may be involved in the initiation of Sudan I-carcinogenesis in this organ.

• MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinogeny metabolismus   MeSH
• křenová peroxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• metabolická inaktivace MeSH
• naftoly metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA transferová metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol MeSH Prohlížeč
• barvicí látky MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH
• křenová peroxidasa MeSH
• naftoly MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• RNA transferová MeSH