The insecticide thiamethoxam (TMX) is a systemic neonicotinoid widely used for pest control in several agricultural crops. TMX mimics the action of acetylcholine causing uncontrolled muscular contraction eventually leading to insect death. TMX is being found in freshwater ecosystems at concentrations of up to 225µg/L. Still, chronic toxicity data for freshwater invertebrates is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects (at organismal and biochemical levels) of TMX on the freshwater insect Chironomus riparius. C. riparius life history responses were significantly affected by TMX exposure, namely with a decrease in growth and delay in emergence. Concerning the biochemical responses, after a short exposure (48h) to TMX, our results showed that low concentrations of TMX significantly reduced CAT activity and LPO levels of C. riparius. No effects were observed in AChE, GST and ETS activities. Effects in terms of survival, development rates and biochemical responses of C. riparius exposed to low concentrations of TMX observed in this study suggest potential deleterious effects of this neonicotinoid on aquatic insects inhabiting freshwaters environments near agricultural areas.

• Klíčová slova
• Biochemical responses, Freshwater insects, Life-history traits, Neonicotinoids,
• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• bezobratlí účinky léků   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• Chironomidae účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny toxicita   MeSH
• hmyz účinky léků   MeSH
• insekticidy toxicita   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• neonikotinoidy MeSH
• oxaziny toxicita   MeSH
• sladká voda analýza   MeSH
• stadia vývoje účinky léků   MeSH
• thiamethoxam MeSH
• thiazoly toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny MeSH
• insekticidy MeSH
• neonikotinoidy MeSH
• oxaziny MeSH
• thiamethoxam MeSH
• thiazoly MeSH

The increasing use of neonicotinoids in systematic seed treatment to crops is a serious cause of pollution of water resources and environment. Consequently, food sources can get eventually contaminated. To this end, it is desirable to develop suitable and effective platforms in order to obtain low-cost and sensitive sensors for neonicotinoids detection. In this work, graphene oxide modified electrodes were used as highly efficient electrochemical sensors for detection of two common insecticides - thiamethoxam and imidacloprid. The proposed sensor responded linearly in the concentration range of 10-200µmolL-1 for both analytes and the detection limits were determined as low as 8.3µmolL-1 and 7.9µmolL-1 for thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, respectively. Analytical performance was also evaluated on spiked water and honey samples.

• Klíčová slova
• Graphene oxide, Imidacloprid, Neonicotinoids, Thiamethoxam, Voltammetry,
• MeSH
• analýza potravin ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny analýza   MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• grafit chemie   MeSH
• imidazoly analýza   MeSH
• insekticidy analýza   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• med analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• neonikotinoidy MeSH
• oxaziny analýza   MeSH
• oxidy chemie   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• thiamethoxam MeSH
• thiazoly analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny MeSH
• grafit MeSH
• imidacloprid MeSH Prohlížeč
• imidazoly MeSH
• insekticidy MeSH
• neonikotinoidy MeSH
• oxaziny MeSH
• oxidy MeSH
• thiamethoxam MeSH
• thiazoly MeSH

Exposure to numerous chemicals disrupts the spiders' locomotion. Spiders, particularly epigeic spiders, are dependent on their locomotory activities to search for prey, hide from their enemies, and perform sexual reproduction and subsequent parental care. Among the best-known compounds that inhibit the locomotion of arthropods are neonicotinoids. Despite spiders are less affected by the neonicotinoids than insects due to the sequence differences in their acetylcholine receptors, they are not resistant to these compounds. We hypothesized that acute exposure to a broad spectrum of neonicotinoids suppresses the traveled distance, mean velocity, and maximum velocity in epigeic spiders. As a model species, we used adults of Pardosa lugubris. We tested commercial formulations of thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid. We tested each of the neonicotinoids in the maximum and minimum concentrations recommended for foliar applications. We applied them under controlled conditions dorsally by spraying them directly on the spiders or exposing the spiders to the tarsal contact with neonicotinoid residues. Control groups consisted of 31 individuals; treated groups consisted of 10-21 individuals. We found that a broad spectrum of neonicotinoids temporarily suppresses the traveled distance in epigeic spiders. At 1 h after application, all the three tested neonicotinoid insecticides induced declines in the traveled distance, but this effect mostly disappeared when tested at 24 h after the application. The decrease in the traveled distance was associated with substantial temporary decreases in the mean and maximum velocities. Despite differences among modalities, all three insecticides caused multiple adverse effects on the locomotory parameters in any tested concentrations. It remains to test what would be the lowest safe concentration for the chronic exposure to neonicotinoids in epigeic spiders.

• MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny toxicita   MeSH
• insekticidy * toxicita   MeSH
• lokomoce MeSH
• neonikotinoidy toxicita   MeSH
• pavouci * MeSH
• thiamethoxam farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusíkaté sloučeniny MeSH
• insekticidy * MeSH
• neonikotinoidy MeSH
• thiamethoxam MeSH

Neonicotinoid insecticides represent nearly a quarter of the global insecticide market and are widely used in agriculture but also for lawn, garden care, and pest control. They are highly water-soluble, persistent in soil, may enter the aquatic compartment via spray drift, runoff, or leaching, and contribute to downstream aquatic toxicity. Although insects appear to be the most sensitive group to neonicotinoids, other groups, such as crustaceans, may also be affected. Furthermore, most studies focus on single-insecticide exposure and very little is known concerning the impact of neonicotinoid mixtures on aquatic invertebrates. The present study was designed to test potential toxicological effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam on populations of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna under controlled conditions. Chronic toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory, and survival and reproduction were measured for both species under environmentally relevant, 'worst-case' concentrations for each compound separately and in combination as pesticides are often detected as mixtures in aquatic environments. The neonicotinoids did not appear to affect the survival of C. dubia and D. magna. Reproduction of C. dubia was affected by the mixture whereas all three individual insecticides as well as the mixture caused a significant reduction in the reproduction of D. magna. Our results highlight the complexity of pesticide toxicity and show that traditional toxicological approaches such as, acute mortality studies and tests with single compounds can underestimate negative impacts that occur in the environment.

• Klíčová slova
• Aquatic invertebrates, Mixture, Neonicotinoids, Sublethal effects,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * toxicita   MeSH
• Cladocera * MeSH
• Daphnia MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny toxicita   MeSH
• insekticidy * toxicita   MeSH
• neonikotinoidy toxicita   MeSH
• thiamethoxam farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny MeSH
• insekticidy * MeSH
• neonikotinoidy MeSH
• thiamethoxam MeSH

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is an important potato pest with known resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Czechia. Decreased efficacy of neonicotinoids has been observed in last decade. After the restriction of using chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam by EU regulation, growers seek for information about the resistance of CPB to used insecticides and recommended antiresistant strategies. The development of CPB resistance to selected insecticides was evaluated in bioassays in 69 local populations from Czechia in 2017-2022 and in 2007-2022 in small plot experiments in Zabcice in South Moravia. The mortality in each subpopulation in the bioassays was evaluated at the field-recommended rates of insecticides to estimate the 50% and 90% lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90, respectively). High levels of CPB resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos were demonstrated throughout Czechia, without significant changes between years and regions. The average mortality after application of the field-recommended rate of lambda-cyhalothrin was influenced by temperature before larvae were sampled for bioassays and decreased with increasing temperature in June. Downwards trends in the LC90 values of chlorpyrifos and the average mortality after application of the field-recommended rate of acetamiprid in the bioassay were recorded over a 6-year period. The baseline LC50 value (with 95% confidence limit) of 0.04 mg/L of chlorantraniliprole was established for Czech populations of CPBs for the purpose of resistance monitoring in the next years. Widespread resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and neonicotinoids was demonstrated, and changes in anti-resistant strategies to control CPBs were discussed.

• MeSH
• brouci * účinky léků   MeSH
• dursban * farmakologie   MeSH
• insekticidy * farmakologie   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   MeSH
• neonikotinoidy * farmakologie   MeSH
• nitrily farmakologie   MeSH
• pyrethriny farmakologie   MeSH
• rezistence k insekticidům * MeSH
• Solanum tuberosum parazitologie   MeSH
• thiamethoxam MeSH
• thiaziny * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cyhalothrin MeSH Prohlížeč
• dursban * MeSH
• insekticidy * MeSH
• neonikotinoidy * MeSH
• nitrily MeSH
• pyrethriny MeSH
• thiacloprid MeSH Prohlížeč
• thiamethoxam MeSH
• thiaziny * MeSH

Synthetic chemical pesticides can enhance crop yields but also have undesired effects. Alternative 'botanical insecticides' may also have non-target effects on pollinators and biocontrol services. Employing action thresholds (ATs) can reduce pesticide (whether synthetic or botanical) use compared to fixed-interval applications. Here the azadirachtin-based botanical formulation NeemAzal and a neem seed extract (NSE) were evaluated in field spraying trials alongside commonly-used synthetics (Voliam Flexi [chlorentraniliprole plus thiamethoxam] and imidacloprid) in developing ATs for the regular and cosmopolitan cauliflower pests Brevicoryne brassicae, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera litura. We considered the size of the S. litura larvae infesting the crop in order to derive ATs. ATs per plant were higher for NeemAzal (0.55 larvae for P. xylostella and 3 larvae for large-sized S. litura) than for Voliam Flexi (0.30 larvae for P. xylostella and 0.80 larvae for S. litura) but were similar for B. brassicae (50 individuals). Higher ATs when using azadirachtin were associated with the diverse modes of action of botanicals, for instance NeemAzal and NSE deterred oviposition of S. litura. Although the exact values of ATs are likely to have regional limits, our approach can be applied for determining ATs against common lepidopteran and aphid pests in many other vegetable crop agro-ecosystems.

• MeSH
• Brassica * MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny farmakologie   MeSH
• glyceridy farmakologie   MeSH
• insekticidy chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   MeSH
• limoniny farmakologie   MeSH
• mšice účinky léků   MeSH
• můry účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• neonikotinoidy farmakologie   MeSH
• ovum účinky léků   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• terpeny farmakologie   MeSH
• thiamethoxam farmakologie   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• azadirachtin MeSH Prohlížeč
• dusíkaté sloučeniny MeSH
• glyceridy MeSH
• imidacloprid MeSH Prohlížeč
• insekticidy MeSH
• limoniny MeSH
• neem oil MeSH Prohlížeč
• neonikotinoidy MeSH
• terpeny MeSH
• thiamethoxam MeSH

BACKGROUND: Pesticides or plant protection products (PPPs) are risky for spiders in or near agricultural landscapes. However, the risks posed by pesticides to spiders are largely understudied compared with the risks to pollinators. Here, we investigated the distribution of PPPs in adult females, cocoons and webs with prey remnants of Phylloneta impressa. RESULTS: Three sample types were collected from the tops of rapeseed on 18 July (before the harvest). Three different ultraperformance liquid chromatograph coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) analyses were performed: (i) pesticides and selected metabolites; (ii) quaternary ammonium pesticides (quats); and (iii) pyrethroids. Overall, 23 compounds, 22 pesticides and the metabolite imidacloprid-urea were detected. The array of pesticides was largest in webs with prey remnants, and according to evaluation via redundancy analysis (RDA), pesticides were similar in spiders and cocoons; however, data inspection revealed differences in pesticide distribution among these samples. Clothianidin was detected in only female spiders, whereas thiamethoxam prevailed in webs with remnants of prey, and acetamiprid, thiacloprid and imidacloprid were found in all three matrices. One of the most abundant compounds was chlormequat, indicating that quats should be considered a possible risk for these spiders. None of the pyrethroids were detected despite being applied in the sampling area, indicating rapid biodegradation. By contrast, some pesticides were detected despite not being applied in the field, indicating that the source of contamination is prey or particles carried by wind and attached to webs. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results indicate the different distribution or behavior of several pesticides in the spider matrices. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

• Klíčová slova
• clothianidin, imidacloprid, pesticide residues, plant growth regulator, pyrethroids, thiamethoxam,
• MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• pavouci * MeSH
• pesticidy MeSH
• pyrethriny MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• pesticidy MeSH
• pyrethriny MeSH

Thousands of tons of neonicotinoids are widely used around the world as broad-spectrum systemic insecticides and veterinary drugs. Researchers originally thought that neonicotinoids exhibited low mammalian toxicity. However, following their widespread use, it became increasingly evident that neonicotinoids could have various toxic effects on vertebrates and invertebrates. The primary focus of this review is to summarize the research progress associated with oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for neonicotinoid-induced toxicity as well as neonicotinoid metabolism. This review summarizes the research conducted over the past decade into the production of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and oxidative stress as aresult of neonicotinoid treatments, along with their correlation with the toxicity and metabolism of neonicotinoids. The metabolism of neonicotinoids and protection of various compounds against neonicotinoid-induced toxicity based on their antioxidative effects is also discussed. This review sheds new light on the critical roles of oxidative stress in neonicotinoid-induced toxicity to nontarget species.

• Klíčová slova
• ROS, clothianidin, imidacloprid, mechanisms, neonicotinoids, oxidative stress, thiamethoxam, toxicology,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• insekticidy škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neonikotinoidy škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• insekticidy MeSH
• neonikotinoidy MeSH

Neonicotinoid insecticides are associated with a decline in the diversity and distribution of bees and wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). The effects of neonicotinoids on the metamorphosis of aculeates have never been addressed in detail; however, recent evidence suggests that neonicotinoids induce wing abnormalities. We hypothesized that the metamorphosis success of bees and wasps differs in response to contact exposure to field-realistic concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides or in response to combined exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides and benzimidazole fungicides. We treated prepupae of the model crabronid wasp Pemphredon fabricii with field-realistic concentrations of four neonicotinoids, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam, and/or with the benzimidazole fungicide thiabendazole. Treatment with acetamiprid or imidacloprid decreased the pupation rates to only 39% and 32%, respectively. Treatment with thiacloprid or thiamethoxam did not affect the pupation rate when applied alone, but the subsequent treatment of thiacloprid- or thiamethoxam-treated prepupae with thiabendazole led to significant decreases in pupation rates. A high concentration of acetamiprid, which severely affected the pupation rates, had moderate effects on metamorphosis into adults, resulting in 53% metamorphosis success (as opposed to 95% metamorphosis success in the water-treated group). However, imidacloprid or thiamethoxam treatment resulted in only 5%-10% metamorphosis success into adults. Overall survival decreased in response to treatment with any of the neonicotinoids or benzimidazoles or their combinations, with extremely low survival (<2%) following combined treatment with imidacloprid and thiabendazole or thiamethoxam and thiabendazole. In conclusion, neonicotinoids alter insect metamorphosis success, which can be further potentiated by their combination with other agrochemicals, such as benzimidazoles.

• MeSH
• biologická proměna účinky léků   MeSH
• insekticidy farmakologie   MeSH
• kukla růst a vývoj   MeSH
• neonikotinoidy farmakologie   MeSH
• sršňovití růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insekticidy MeSH
• neonikotinoidy MeSH

Neonicotinoids are one of the newest groups of systemic pesticides, effective on a wide range of invertebrate pests. The success of neonicotinoids can be assessed according to the amount used, for example, in the Czech Republic, which now accounts for 1/3 of the insecticide market. The European Union (EU) has a relatively interesting attitude towards neonicotinoids. Three neonicotinoid substances (imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam) were severely restricted in 2013. In 2019, imidacloprid and clothianidin were banned, while thiamethoxam and thiacloprid were banned in 2020. In 2022, another substance, sulfoxaflor, was banned. Therefore, only two neonicotinoid substances (acetamiprid and flupyradifurone) are approved for outdoor use in the EU. Neonicotinoids enter aquatic ecosystems in many ways. In European rivers, neonicotinoids usually occur in nanograms per litre. Due to the low toxicity of neonicotinoids to standard test species, they were not expected to significantly impact the aquatic ecosystem until later studies showed that aquatic invertebrates, especially insects, are much more sensitive to neonicotinoids. In addition to the lethal effects, many studies point to sublethal impacts - reduced reproductive capacity, initiation of downstream drift of organisms, reduced ability to eat, or a change in feeding strategies. Neonicotinoids can affect individuals, populations, and entire ecosystems.

• Klíčová slova
• acetamiprid, aquatic ecosystems, flupyradifurone, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors agonists, thiacloprid, toxicity,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH