Land plants evolved from charophytic algae, among which Charophyceae possess the most complex body plans. We present the genome of Chara braunii; comparison of the genome to those of land plants identified evolutionary novelties for plant terrestrialization and land plant heritage genes. C. braunii employs unique xylan synthases for cell wall biosynthesis, a phragmoplast (cell separation) mechanism similar to that of land plants, and many phytohormones. C. braunii plastids are controlled via land-plant-like retrograde signaling, and transcriptional regulation is more elaborate than in other algae. The morphological complexity of this organism may result from expanded gene families, with three cases of particular note: genes effecting tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), LysM receptor-like kinases, and transcription factors (TFs). Transcriptomic analysis of sexual reproductive structures reveals intricate control by TFs, activity of the ROS gene network, and the ancestral use of plant-like storage and stress protection proteins in the zygote.

• Klíčová slova
• Chara, Phragmoplastophyta, charophyte, phragmoplast, phytohormones, plant evolution, reactive oxygen species, streptophyte, transcriptional regulation,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• buněčná stěna metabolismus   MeSH
• Chara genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• genom rostlinný * MeSH
• genové regulační sítě MeSH
• pentosyltransferasy genetika   MeSH
• protein-serin-threoninkinasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• vyšší rostliny genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase MeSH Prohlížeč
• pentosyltransferasy MeSH
• protein-serin-threoninkinasy MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH
• transkripční faktory MeSH

Stomata exert control on fluxes of CO2 and water (H2 O) in the majority of vascular plants and thus are pivotal for planetary fluxes of carbon and H2 O. However, in mosses, the significance and possible function of the sporophytic stomata are not well understood, hindering understanding of the ancestral function and evolution of these key structures of land plants. Infrared gas analysis and 13 CO2 labelling, with supporting data from gravimetry and optical and scanning electron microscopy, were used to measure CO2 assimilation and water exchange on young, green, ± fully expanded capsules of 11 moss species with a range of stomatal numbers, distributions, and aperture sizes. Moss sporophytes are effectively homoiohydric. In line with their open fixed apertures, moss stomata, contrary to those in tracheophytes, do not respond to light and CO2 concentration. Whereas the sporophyte cuticle is highly impermeable to gases, stomata are the predominant sites of 13 CO2 entry and H2 O loss in moss sporophytes, and CO2 assimilation is closely linked to total stomatal surface areas. Higher photosynthetic autonomy of moss sporophytes, consequent on the presence of numerous stomata, may have been the key to our understanding of evolution of large, gametophyte-independent sporophytes at the onset of plant terrestrialization.

• Klíčová slova
• abscisic acid (ABA), environment, evo-devo, gas exchange, photosynthesis, plant evolution, stomata, terrestrialization,
• MeSH
• Bryophyta * MeSH
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• průduchy rostlin * MeSH
• uhlík MeSH
• zárodečné buňky rostlin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

"Glacier algae" grow on melting glacier and ice sheet surfaces across the cryosphere, causing the ice to absorb more solar energy and consequently melt faster, while also turning over carbon and nutrients. This makes glacier algal assemblages, which are typically dominated by just three main species, a potentially important yet under-researched component of the global biosphere, carbon, and water cycles. This review synthesizes current knowledge on glacier algae phylogenetics, physiology, and ecology. We discuss their significance for the evolution of early land plants and highlight their impacts on the physical and chemical supraglacial environment including their role as drivers of positive feedbacks to climate warming, thereby demonstrating their influence on Earth's past and future. Four complementary research priorities are identified, which will facilitate broad advances in glacier algae research, including establishment of reliable culture collections, sequencing of glacier algae genomes, development of diagnostic biosignatures for remote sensing, and improved predictive modeling of glacier algae biological-albedo effects.

• Klíčová slova
• Streptophytes, albedo, glacier algae, ice, terrestrialization,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: The dispersed occurrence of holocentric chromosomes across eukaryotes implies they are adaptive, but the conditions under which they confer an advantage over monocentric chromosomes remain unclear. Due to their extended kinetochore and the attachment of spindle microtubules along their entire length, holocentric chromosomes tolerate fragmentation; hence, they may be advantageous in times of exposure to factors that cause chromosomal fragmentation (clastogens). SCOPE: It is shown that holocentric organisms may, indeed, thrive better than monocentric organisms under clastogenic conditions and that such conditions of various duration and intensity have occurred many times throughout the history of Earth's biota. One of the most important clastogenic events in eukaryotic history, in which holocentric chromosomes may have played the key role, was the colonization of land by plants and animals half a billion years ago. In addition to arguments supporting the anticlastogenic hypothesis of holocentric chromosomes and a discussion of its evolutionary consequences, experiments and analyses are proposed to explore this hypothesis in more depth. CONCLUSIONS: It is argued that the tolerance to clastogens explains the origin of holocentric lineages and may also have far-reaching consequences for eukaryotic evolution in general as exemplified by the potential role of holocentric chromosomes in terrestrialization.

• Klíčová slova
• Clastogens, Zygnematophyceae, chromosomal fragmentation, cosmic radiation, desiccation, gamma radiation, herbivory, holokinetic chromosomes, land plants, monocentric chromosomes, terrestrialization, ultraviolet radiation,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• centromera fyziologie   MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin MeSH
• chromozomy * fyziologie   MeSH
• Eukaryota genetika   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• selekce (genetika) genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In this investigation thallium contents in soil and plants in the EuroRegion Neisse were analysed and the distribution determined. The median top-soil content is 0.5 mg/kg in the area investigated. In this low-contaminated area the moss Pleurozium schreberi contains 0.04-0.13 microg/g and the moss Polytrichumformosum between 0.01 and 0.05 microg/g Tl. The effects of thallium on man and the terrestrial environment were examined. In an epidemiological study a significant positive correlation was found between the thallium content of the two mosses and the incidence of diseases of the circulatory system. The LOEC for thallium in bioassays with terrestrial invertebrates and plants in artificial soil ranged from 1 to 500 mg/kg, which indicates an toxicity of thallium up to 100 times higher than that of Cadmium.

• MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• hlemýždi účinky léků   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• Lepidium účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechy chemie   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• Oligochaeta účinky léků   MeSH
• thallium analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Německo epidemiologie   MeSH
• Polsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• thallium MeSH

Tribulus terrestris, L. (puncture vine) have been used as a folk medicine for five thousands of years, but its targets, effects, their mechanisms and application requires further studies. This paper reviews the provenance, constituents and properties of Tribulus terrestris, L., its general physiological and health effects, as well as the currently available knowledge concerning its influence on male and female reproductive processes and their dysfunctions. Analysis of the available publications demonstrated the influence of Tribulus terrestris on a wide spectrum of targets and physiological processe and disorders. In particular, Tribulus terrestris can be a stimulator of male and female reproductive processes at the level of central nervous system, sexual behaviour, pituitary and gonadal hormones and their receptors, gonadal functions (including ovarian follicullogenesis and spermatogenesis), improvement of the quality and quantity of gametes (at least of sperm) and fecundity. This ability of puncture vine is applicable for the improvement of man's sexual desire and sperm quality in vivo and in vitro, as well as of women's libido, activation of women's reproductive organs, fecundity, and treatment of infertility, especially that related to the polycystic ovarian syndrome.

• MeSH
• libido MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• sexuální chování MeSH
• Tribulus * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants with widespread distribution in the environment. Since the soil environment has become a significant sink for PFCs, the toxicological assessment about their potential effects on terrestrial organisms is necessary. This review compiles the toxicity researches of regular and emerging PFCs on classical terrestrial biota i.e. microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. In the soil environment, the bioavailability of PFCs much depends on their adsorption in soil, which is affected by soil properties and PFCs structure. By the exploration of bacterial community richness and structure, the gene expression, the influences of PFCs on soil microorganisms were revealed; while the plants and earthworms manifested the PFCs disruption not only through macroscopic indicators, but also from molecular and metabolite responses. Basically, the addition of PFCs would accelerate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in terrestrial organisms, while the excessive ROS could not be eliminated by the defense system causing oxidative damage. Nowadays, the PFCs toxic mechanisms discussed are limited to a single strain, Escherichia coli; thus, the complexity of the soil environment demands further in-depth researches. This review warrants studies focus on more potential quantitative toxicity indicators, more explicit elaboration on toxicity influencing factors, and environmentally relevant concentrations to obtain a more integrated picture of PFCs toxicity on terrestrial biota.

• Klíčová slova
• Earthworm, Microbial, Perfluorinated compounds, Plant, Soil ecotoxicity,
• MeSH
• Bacteria MeSH
• fluorokarbony * toxicita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• Oligochaeta * MeSH
• půda MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fluorokarbony * MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• půda MeSH

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) of the DUF3494 type have been found in many ice-associated unicellular photoautotrophs, including chlorophytes, haptophytes, diatoms and a cyanobacterium. Unrelated IBPs have been found in many land plants (streptophytes). Here we looked for IBPs in two streptophyte algae that grow only on glaciers, a group in which IBPs have not previously been examined. The two species, Ancylonema nordenskioeldii and Ancylonema. alaskanum, belong to the class Zygnematophyceae, whose members are the closest relatives to all land plants. We found that one of them, A. nordenskioeldii, expresses a DUF3494-type IBP that is similar to those of their chlorophyte ancestors and that has not previously been found in any streptophytes. The protein is unusual in having what appears to be a perfect array of TXT motifs that have been implicated in water or ice binding. The IBP strongly binds to ice and almost certainly has a role in mitigating the daily freeze-thaw cycles that the alga is exposed to during late summer. No IBP was found in the second species, A. alaskanum, which may rely more on glycerol production for its freeze-thaw tolerance. The IBP is also unusual in having a 280-residue domain with a β sandwich structure (which we designate as the DPH domain) that is characteristic of root cap proteins of land plants, and that may have a role in forming IBP oligomers. We also examined existing transcriptome data obtained from land plants to better understand the tissue and temperature dependence of expression of this domain.

• Klíčová slova
• Ancylonema alaskanum, Ancylonema nordenskioeldii, DUF3494, Morteratsch Glacier, PF06830, ice-binding protein, land plant terrestrialization, streptophytes,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Injection of different protein molecules into the coelomic cavity of Eisenia foetida (E.F.) and Lumbricus terrestris (L.T.) markedly stimulated proteosynthesis. A similar but less pronounced increase of coelomic proteins was induced by phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In the coelomic fluids of stimulated animals a protein was detected which significantly bound to the 125I or peroxidase labelled protein molecules used for stimulation. The maximal binding occurred on day 8 after primary stimulation. A greater increase was observed after secondary stimulation. The degree of binding specificity appeared to be much lower than that of vertebrate lymphocyte receptors or antibodies.

• MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• imunizace MeSH
• imunoglobulin G imunologie   MeSH
• injekce MeSH
• kyselina arsanilová imunologie   MeSH
• Oligochaeta imunologie   MeSH
• sérový albumin imunologie   MeSH
• tělesné tekutiny analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• kyselina arsanilová MeSH
• sérový albumin MeSH

The most promising direction in the treatment of chronic prostatitis is the use of medicinal plants and preparations based on them, which contain natural compounds with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity: anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, reparative, immunomodulatory, hormone-regulating, antisclerotic, etc., and which can provide a complex therapeutic effect on the course of chronic prostatitis. A promising raw material in this direction is Tribulus terrestris L., a herbal preparation traditionally used to treat erectile dysfunction and atherosclerosis. This experimental work aims to study the anti-inflammatory activity of a thick extract of the Tribulus terrestris grass (freed from fruits) on the models of carrageenan and zymosan inflammation in rats. In the models of carrageenan and zymosan edema in rats, a thick extract of Tribulus terrestris L. in doses from 50 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg shows anti-inflammatory activity, the efficacy of which in the dose range of 150-200 mg/g in the initial stages of carrageenan inflammation is not inferior to sodium diclofenac at a dose of 8.0 mg/kg, and in the initial stages of zymosan inflammation, respectively, before the reference drug corvitin at a dose of 10 mg/kg. It indicates the anticyclogenase and antilipoxygenase properties of this thick extract.

• Klíčová slova
• Tribulus terrestris, anti-inflammatory effect, corvitin, diclofenac sodium, thick extract,
• MeSH
• antiflogistika farmakologie   MeSH
• karagenan MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prostatitida * MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• Tribulus * MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• zymosan MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiflogistika MeSH
• karagenan MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• zymosan MeSH