The many functions of phosphoinositides in cytosolic signaling were extensively studied; however, their activities in the cell nucleus are much less clear. In this review, we summarize data about their nuclear localization and metabolism, and review the available literature on their involvements in chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, and RNA processing. We discuss the molecular mechanisms via which nuclear phosphoinositides, in particular phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), modulate nuclear processes. We focus on PI(4,5)P2's role in the modulation of RNA polymerase I activity, and functions of the nuclear lipid islets-recently described nucleoplasmic PI(4,5)P2-rich compartment involved in RNA polymerase II transcription. In conclusion, the high impact of the phosphoinositide-protein complexes on nuclear organization and genome functions is only now emerging and deserves further thorough studies.

Biochemistry and Molecular Plant Biology Department CICY Calle 43 No 130 Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Mérida C P 97200 Yucatán Mexico

Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS v v i Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Epigenetics of the Cell Nucleus Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS v v i division BIOCEV 252 50 Vestec Czech Republic

Microscopy Centre of the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS v v i 142 20 Prague Czech Republic

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