Trypanosoma brucei spp. cause African human and animal trypanosomiasis, a burden on health and economy in Africa. These hemoflagellates are distinguished by a kinetoplast nucleoid containing mitochondrial DNAs of two kinds: maxicircles encoding ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and proteins and minicircles bearing guide RNAs (gRNAs) for mRNA editing. All RNAs are produced by a phage-type RNA polymerase as 3' extended precursors, which undergo exonucleolytic trimming. Most pre-mRNAs proceed through 3' adenylation, uridine insertion/deletion editing, and 3' A/U-tailing. The rRNAs and gRNAs are 3' uridylated. Historically, RNA editing has attracted major research effort, and recently essential pre- and postediting processing events have been discovered. Here, we classify the key players that transform primary transcripts into mature molecules and regulate their function and turnover.

Center for Global Infectious Disease Research Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle WA 98109 USA

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A and M University College Station TX 77843 USA

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Bern CH 3012 Switzerland

Department of Microbiology and Immunology University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Buffalo NY 14203 USA

Department of Microbiology Immunology and Molecular Genetics University of California Los Angeles CA90095 USA

Department of Microbiology The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

Department of Molecular and Cell Biology Boston University Medical Campus Boston MA 02118 USA

Department of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA

Department of Molecular Genetics Darmstadt University of Technology 64287 Darmstadt Germany

Institute of Cell Biology University of Bern Baltzerstrasse 4 Bern CH 3012 Switzerland

Institute of Immunology and Infection Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Parasitology McGill University 21 111 Lakeshore Road Ste Anne de Bellevue H9X3V9 Québec Canada

Life Science Research Centre Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology Sechenov University Moscow Russia

Parasitology Laboratory Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Health Albany NY 12201 USA

School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China

University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth campus Duluth MN 55812 USA

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