In this review, we link ecological adaptations of different gut microbiota members with their potential for use as a new generation of probiotics. Gut microbiota members differ in their adaptations to survival in aerobic environments. Interestingly, there is an inverse relationship between aerobic survival and abundance or potential for prolonged colonization of the intestinal tract. Facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant Lactobacilli and endospore-forming Firmicutes exhibit high fluctuation, and if such bacteria are to be used as probiotics, they must be continuously administered to mimic their permanent supply from the environment. On the other hand, species not expressing any form of aerobic resistance, such as those from phylum Bacteroidetes, commonly represent host-adapted microbiota members characterized by vertical transmission from mothers to offspring, capable of long-term colonization following a single dose administration. To achieve maximal probiotic efficacy, the mode of their administration should thus reflect their natural ecology.

Veterinary Research Institute Hudcova 70 621 00 Brno Czech Republic

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Probiotic Mixtures Consisting of Representatives of Bacteroidetes and Selenomonadales Increase Resistance of Newly Hatched Chicks to Salmonella Enteritidis Infection

Immunoglobulin secretion influences the composition of chicken caecal microbiota

In Vivo Expression of Chicken Gut Anaerobes Identifies Carbohydrate- or Amino Acid-Utilising, Motile or Type VI Secretion System-Expressing Bacteria

Research Note: A mixture of Bacteroides spp. and other probiotic intestinal anaerobes reduces colonization by pathogenic E. coli strain O78:H4-ST117 in newly hatched chickens

Succession, Replacement, and Modification of Chicken Litter Microbiota

Morphology, microbiota, and metabolome along the intestinal tract of female turkeys

Host Species Adaptation of Obligate Gut Anaerobes Is Dependent on Their Environmental Survival

Probiotic Lactobacilli Do Not Protect Chickens against Salmonella Enteritidis Infection by Competitive Exclusion in the Intestinal Tract but in Feed, Outside the Chicken Host