There is often an imbalance between the intake of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Oxidative damage and the production of reactive oxygen species by various immune cells follow during the ageing process. Caloric restriction induces a transcriptional response of the genes known to inhibit oxidative stress, tumourigenesis, splicing mRNA and inflammation. On the other hand, calorie malnutrition causes the depression of many immune functions. The accessibility of nutritional factors seems to be an important cause of circannual rhythms. Lowered food intake as an adverse effect of chemotherapy may be why the immune system is altered. Nutrients influence several diseases including diabetes, obesity, inflammatory immune dysfunctions, and neuropathies as well as behavioural characteristics and life span.

• MeSH
• dlouhověkost imunologie   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy imunologie   MeSH
• imunitní systém * fyziologie   MeSH
• kalorická restrikce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci * imunologie   MeSH
• omezení příjmu potravy MeSH
• potravinová deprivace * fyziologie   MeSH
• savci imunologie   MeSH
• stárnutí imunologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Phagocytosis is an important function of both insect haemocytes and mammalian blood cells. Linden bugs and cotton leaf worms have been suggested as new alternative models for ecological and drug toxicology but no data on their haemocyte physiology have been published. Our assays with particle ingestion of the NBT test were carried out on prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes and spherulocytes of adult linden bug and cotton leaf worm larvae. We found that phagocytic activity is on average 10% in the linden bug, and 50% in cotton leaf worm haemocytes: the phagocytic index is 3.5 in both species and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction is 0.5 in the linden bug and 3.2 in the cotton leaf worm. Phagocytic charactersitics of the prohaemocytes and granulocytes in the cotton leaf worm are closed to mammalian neutrophil physiology. Our data suggest that cotton leaf worm haemocytes may be a new potential alternative model for screening of phagocytosis.

• Klíčová slova
• Spodoptera littoralis, Pyrrhocoris apterus, NBT test,
• MeSH
• fagocytóza fyziologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hemocyty fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• Heteroptera fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• hmyz fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• krevní buňky fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• Spodoptera fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

The earliest scientific journals on biomedicine began publication in the 50s and their authors addressed the application of biology to medicine. More recently, biochemistry and biomedical engineering questions have figured more prominently. This trend is discussed in a survey of the topics appearing in the Journal of Applied Biomedicine. Pharmacological and toxicological articles have been popular over the long term and the neurosciences, chronomedicine, molecular and cell biomedicine have also been very important. The role of computational biomedicine and nanomedicine has received increasing attention as has the part which applied biomedicine can play in the enhancement of the general economy.

• MeSH
• biochemie metody   trendy   MeSH
• biomedicínské inženýrství metody   trendy   MeSH
• biomedicínské technologie metody   trendy   MeSH
• chronobiologie (obor) metody   trendy   MeSH
• environmentální lékařství metody   trendy   MeSH
• farmakologie metody   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární biologie metody   trendy   MeSH
• nanomedicína metody   trendy   MeSH
• neurovědy metody   trendy   MeSH
• toxikologie metody   trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• bezobratlí MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• experimenty na zvířatech etika   normy   MeSH
• hematologické látky toxicita   MeSH
• hematologické testy metody   trendy   využití   MeSH
• nemoci kostní dřeně MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
• počítačová simulace etika   trendy   využití   MeSH
• preklinické hodnocení léčiv metody   trendy   využití   MeSH
• testy toxicity metody   trendy   využití   MeSH
• toxikologie metody   trendy   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The substitution of insects for laboratory animals in toxicity testing is likely to become a reality in the framework of prescreening. Haematotoxicological studies of newly developed chemicals, such as food components, drugs, etc. performed on insects can offer advantages in, for example, environmental toxicology. Reliable routine predictions should produce an increase in our knowledge of haemocyte physiology. Although the differences between human physiology and morphology and those of insects are great, the basic functions of insect haemocytes and mammalian leukocytes appear not to have changed during evolution. The use of insects in haematotoxicity assays represents a preclinical testing strategy which will lower costs, accelerate screening and offer ethical benefits.

• MeSH
• alternativy výzkumu na zvířatech MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• hmyz účinky léků   MeSH
• krevní buňky účinky léků   MeSH
• krevní nemoci chemicky indukované   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• preklinické hodnocení léčiv metody   MeSH
• testy toxicity metody   MeSH
• xenobiotika toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

A new screening test of a haemolytic potential is presented on Spodoptera larvae in vivo. The assay was evaluated using phenylhydrazine, the well-known xenobiotic which induces haemolysis in mammals. Haemocyte disintegration causes changes in total haemocyte counts and differentials. It is shown that only qualitative evaluation of panoptically stained haemolymph smears is sufficient, fast and cheap to detect haemolytic potential. The presented assay also prevents unneeded, non-ethical use of vertebrates.

• MeSH
• alternativy testů na zvířatech MeSH
• fenylhydraziny toxicita   MeSH
• hemocyty cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• hemolýza MeSH
• larva cytologie   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• počet buněk MeSH
• Spodoptera cytologie   MeSH
• testy toxicity metody   MeSH
• xenobiotika toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The circadian rhythms of the haemato-immune system seem to be synchronized by two clocks: the hypothalamic endogenous, and the exogenous which is based on environmental stimuli. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is not only a circadian clock, it also synchronizes peripheral oscillators and integrates light information through the retino-hypothalamic tract. The role of the “peripheral” clock genes in mature leucocytes still remains an unanswered question as well as the role of clock proteins in “non-clock” physiology. The circadian rhythms may be a basis for circannual variations, although the molecular bases of such rhythms remain a mystery. There are several hormones which have a significant impact on haematological characteristics; the finding of a lower superoxide release from granulocytes at higher melatonin levels opens up new research opportunities for melatonin therapy. Discrepancies between circadian changes in mRNAs and the appropriate protein participating in haemocoagulation and fibrinolysis may indicate that we do not know their control processes or their genetic background well, although this problem has now opened up a new area for pharmacological research. The endogenous clock facilitates an alternation in the immune system which counters external attacks in daytime and induces repair and development by night.

• MeSH
• biologické hodiny genetika   MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hemostáza MeSH
• imunita genetika   imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• melatonin fyziologie   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• superoxidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

It has been confirmed that clock genes, as well as the pineal hormone, have a role in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, the circadian endogenous pacemaker. It seems that the peripheral clock genes in the cells of the immune system subtly control biorhythms; their seeming lack of impact only showing that they work well. Some biorhythms even seem to be independent of a light/dark circadian regime. This apparent conflict in the mammalian time structure can be resolved by a two-clocks control model involving: (a) the endogenous gene clock, which is dominant in the neural system and (b) the exogenous clock of the immune system. Interactions between these two clocks can explain both the frequently observed individual differences in circadian rhythms and the subtle role of the peripheral clock genes. The endogenous clock facilitates an alternation in the immune system which counters external attacks in daytime and induces repair and advancement by night.

• MeSH
• apoptóza fyziologie   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• buněčné jadérko fyziologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• epifýza mozková sekrece   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hematopoetické kmenové buňky cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• imunitní systém fyziologie   MeSH
• leukocyty cytologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melatonin fyziologie   MeSH
• melatoninové receptory fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroimunomodulace fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• nucleus suprachiasmaticus fyziologie   MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• proteiny CLOCK MeSH
• savci fyziologie   MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• trans-aktivátory fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The number of nucleoli in a cell and nucleolar area vary according to the cell. We compared nucleoli in mammalian circulating lymphocytes and insect circulating haemocytes. An increased nucleolar coefficient correlated with a lowered nucleoli size. The smaller nucleolar size in mammalian lymphocytes indicates a lower proteosynthetic cellular activity in both mammalian lymphocytes and insect haemocytes. Moreover, in insect haemocytes, the smaller size of the nucleoli may reflect a lowered potential to transform into another cell type.

• MeSH
• buněčné jadérko ultrastruktura   MeSH
• cizopasní červi MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hemocyty ultrastruktura   MeSH
• hmyz MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfocyty ultrastruktura   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Phenylhydrazine and its derivatives were first given a medical application at the end of the 19th century but with with very little benefit. However, this compound seems to be very useful in models studying mechanisms of haemolytic anaemia. Phenylhydrazine induces a reactive oxygen species formation peroxidation of lipids and oxidative degradation of spectrin in the membrane skeleton. PHZ-induced haemolytic injury seems to be derived from oxidative alternations to red blood cell proteins. This compound can modulate immune reactions.

• MeSH
• exprese genu imunologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• fenylhydraziny farmakokinetika   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hemolytické anemie etiologie   krev   MeSH
• membránové proteiny fyziologie   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• spektrin chemie   MeSH
• testy genotoxicity využití   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH