In this study, 73 ash samples (comprising 49 ash samples from combustion tests performed in 2017, and 24 ash samples from combustion tests performed during 2014-2016 at the Energy Research Center, Ostrava, Czech Republic) were analysed. Ash samples were obtained via the combustion of various solid fuels, their mixtures with municipal waste (floor coverings, paper, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) briquettes, plastics, and textiles), and municipal wood waste (furniture chipboard, window frames) in household combustion units, such as an overfire boiler, boiler with downdraft combustion, gasification boiler, automatic boiler, and stove. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of representative ash samples from solid fuels and municipal waste and to determine which parameters (metals and halides) were present in the ash analysis after waste incineration. Statistical evaluation of box plots with the determination of the boundaries for outliers and extreme values was performed. Finally, six metals (Sb, Cu, Pb, Sn, Ti, and Zn), together with chlorides, were taken as the indicators of municipal waste incineration in households. The highest value of Sb was 344 mg/kg in plastics + dry beech; the highest value of Cu was 30,500 mg/kg in textiles + black coal (B1); the highest concentration of Pb was 1,360 mg/kg in floor coverings + dry beech; the highest value of Sn was 108 mg/kg in textiles + dry beech; the highest concentration of Ti was 38,200 mg/kg in window frames; the highest value of Zn was 215,000 mg/kg in window frames; and the highest concentration of chlorides was 191,000 mg/kg in floor coverings + dry beech.
- MeSH
- dřevo MeSH
- popel uhelný * MeSH
- spalování odpadů MeSH
- těžké kovy * MeSH
- tuhý odpad MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Five different domestic heating boilers (automatic, over-fire, with down-draft combustion and gasification) and three types of fuel (lignite, wood and mixed fuel) were examined in 25 combustion tests and correlated with the emissions of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), total organic carbon (TOC) and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs with MW = 178-278 g/mol) focusing on particle phase. However, the distribution of 12 PAHs in gas phase was considered as well due to the presence mainly of lighter PAHs in gas phase. The PAHs, as well as the CO and TOC, are the indicators of incomplete combustion, and in this study PAH emission increased significantly with increasing emissions of CO and TOC. The PAHs were mainly detected on PM2.5, their contents were increasing linearly with increasing PM2.5 emissions. The highest emission factors of PAHs were measured for boilers of old construction, such as over-fire boiler (5.8-929 mg/kg) and boiler with down-draft combustion (3.1-54.1 mg/kg). Modern types of boilers produced much lower emissions of PAHs, in particular, automatic boiler (0.3-3.3 mg/kg) and gasification boilers (0.2-6.7 mg/kg). In general, the inefficient combustion at reduced output of boilers generated 1.4-17.7 times more emissions of PAHs than the combustion at nominal output of boilers. It is recommended to operate boilers at nominal output with sufficient air supply and to use the proper fuel to minimise PAHs emissions from domestic heating appliances.
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- překryvné syndromy,
- MeSH
- autoimunitní hepatitida * diagnóza krev terapie MeSH
- azathioprin škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- biliární cirhóza MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hepatocyty imunologie patologie MeSH
- imunosupresivní léčba MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prednison škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- sklerozující cholangitida MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- autoimunitní hepatitida * diagnóza farmakoterapie klasifikace MeSH
- biliární cirhóza * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sklerozující cholangitida * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
