The psychological consequences of trauma related to the Holocaust have been primarily studied in samples derived from Israel, North America, and Western Europe. Few studies have examined postcommunist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The present study focused on three generations living in the Czech Republic and Slovakia after World War II (WWII): Holocaust survivors (71-95 years of age), their children (30-73 years of age), and their grandchildren (15-48 years of age). We compared scores on measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS; the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version) and posttraumatic growth (PTG; the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory) derived from three focal samples with scores from age-matched comparison participants. Higher PTSS scores emerged for Holocaust survivors in all generations, η2P=.087 but only participants in the first generation reported higher PTG scores relative to the comparison group, with small effect sizes for the overall group differences, η2P=.029 . These results are discussed in the historical and political context of postwar Czechoslovakia.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- holocaust * psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- posttraumatická stresová porucha * psychologie MeSH
- posttraumatický růst * MeSH
- přežívající psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
People are remarkably good at remembering photographs. To further investigate the nature of the stored representations and the fidelity of human memories, it would be useful to evaluate the visual similarity of stimuli presented in experiments. Here, we explored the possible use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) as a measure of perceptual or representational similarity of visual scenes with respect to visual memory research. In Experiment 1, we presented participants with sets of nine images from the same scene category and tested whether they were able to detect the most distant scene in the image space defined by CNN. Experiment 2 was a visual variant of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. We asked participants to remember a set of photographs from the same scene category. The photographs were preselected based on their distance to a particular visual prototype (defined as centroid of the image space). In the recognition test, we observed higher false alarm rates for scenes closer to this visual prototype. Our findings show that the similarity measured by CNN is reflected in human behavior: people can detect odd-one-out scenes or be lured to false alarms with similar stimuli. This method can be used for further studies regarding visual memory for complex scenes.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuronové sítě MeSH
- paměť * MeSH
- rozpomínání * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Exposure to stress in pregnancy has been shown to affect fetal development with short- and long-term physiological and behavioral consequences for the offspring. Although social support is known to lower perceived stress, no prior study has investigated the buffering role of social support in the context of prenatal stress effects on infant temperament. The aim of this study was to examine interactive effects of prenatal stress and social support on several dimensions of infant temperament at 9 months postpartum. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 272 mothers completed the Perceived Stress Scale and the Perceived Social Support Scale in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Infant temperament was assessed by mothers at 9 months postpartum using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire. Linear regression models were performed to assess the effects of perceived stress, social support, and their interaction on infant temperament. RESULTS: Prenatal stress interacted with social support, such that prenatal stress increased infant unpredictability when social support was below -0.5 SD. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal stress was found to be a risk factor for infant temperamental unpredictability when combined with low social support perceived by the mother during pregnancy. Support of others, not previously examined in this context, can reduce the impact of prenatal stress.
Depression is a mental health condition for which individuals commonly seek treatment. However, depressive episodes often resolve on their own, even without treatment. One evolutionary perspective, the analytical rumination hypothesis (ARH), suggests that depression occurs in response to complex problems. According to this perspective, depressive symptoms promote analytical rumination, i.e., distraction-resistant thoughts about the causes of problems [causal analysis (CA)] and how they can be solved [problem-solving analysis (PSA)]. By helping individuals solve complex problems, analytical rumination may contribute to remission from depression. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) whether clinically-depressed individuals have more complex problems and engage in more CA and PSA than non-depressed and (2) the effects of CA and PSA on decreases in problem complexity, depressive symptoms, and remission from the depression. Samples of 85 patients were treated for depression with antidepressants and psychotherapy, and 49 healthy subjects were assessed three times over a 4-month period (at Weeks 1, 5, and 16). At each assessment, they completed measures of depression, analytical rumination, and problem complexity. Depressed individuals reported having more complex problems and engaging in more CA than non-depressed participants. The two groups engaged in a similar degree of PSA. Findings from a multiple regression suggested that more PSA at Week 1 was related to a decrease in depressive symptoms at Week 5, even after controlling for baseline depression, problem number, and complexity. PSA at Week 1 did not predict the remission after hospitalization or at follow-up; however, having less complex problems at the baseline made it more likely that a patient would later remit. Engaging in more CA or PSA at Week 1 did not affect perceived problem complexity at Week 5 or at follow-up. However, these findings were not statistically significant when influential observations (or outliers) were included in the analysis. Our findings suggest that PSA may contribute to a decrease in symptoms of depression over time. However, alleviations in problem complexity and remission might only be achieved if problems are initially less complex. Future directions involve exploring how PSA might contribute to decreases in depressive symptoms and other mechanisms underlying remission from depression.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky MeSH
- inhibitory angiogeneze terapeutické užití MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery krev MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A genetika MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- individualizovaná medicína MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- molekulární zobrazování MeSH
- monitorování léčiv MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery analýza MeSH
- nádory diagnóza enzymologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
- protinádorové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- radiofarmaka diagnostické užití MeSH
- tyrosinkinasové receptory analýza aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- výběr pacientů MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- gastrointestinální perforace,
- MeSH
- bevacizumab škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- chirurgická rána komplikace MeSH
- gastrointestinální nemoci chemicky indukované epidemiologie mortalita terapie MeSH
- hojení ran účinky léků MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk farmakoterapie MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- kolorektální nádory farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory centrálního nervového systému farmakoterapie MeSH
- nádory jater diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie sekundární MeSH
- nádory prsu farmakoterapie MeSH
- nádory * farmakoterapie klasifikace MeSH
- nemalobuněčný karcinom plic farmakoterapie MeSH
- nežádoucí účinky léčiv epidemiologie MeSH
- perioperační období MeSH
- poločas MeSH
- pooperační komplikace chemicky indukované epidemiologie MeSH
- pooperační období MeSH
- vaskulární endoteliální růstové faktory * antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- difuzní magnetická rezonance metody MeSH
- fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery MeSH
- nádory děložního čípku diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- nádory prsu diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- nádory * diagnostické zobrazování terapie MeSH
- pozitronová emisní tomografie metody MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- cetuximab * terapeutické užití MeSH
- DNA genetika MeSH
- doba přežití bez progrese choroby MeSH
- genotypizační techniky metody MeSH
- kolorektální nádory farmakoterapie genetika MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- léková rezistence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory prsu * diagnóza ekonomika farmakoterapie MeSH
- receptor erbB-2 MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma * MeSH
- trastuzumab terapeutické užití MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie MeSH
