The aim of this work was to prepare a softwood substrate on which to grow edible and medicinal mushrooms. Liquid digestate from a biogas station was successfully used in spruce sawdust fermentation. Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and Ganoderma lucidum were grown on the obtained substrates and their mycelia grew at rates similar to rates of growth on control beech sawdust; values ranged from 4.1 to 5.54 mm/day. A 6-week fermentation period was determined to be sufficient for removing volatile extractives from sawdust (76% removal efficiency), which elevated content was shown to be most critical for fungal growth. Removal of 47% of resinous compounds and a decrease in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the growth substrate were found during sawdust fermentation in the presence of the liquid digestate. Among ligninolytic enzymes, the growth substrates produced here favored laccase produced by tested fungi. It follows that utilizing wastes from biogas production to reuse softwood wastes could make an environmentally friendly and economically viable biotechnology for producing mushrooms.
Biological treatments are considered an environmentally option to clean-up polluted soil with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A pot experiment was conducted to comparatively evaluate four different strategies, including natural attenuation (NA), mycoaugmentation (M) by using Crucibulum leave, phytoremediation (P) using maize plants, and microbial-assisted phytoremediation (MAP) for the bioremediation of an aged PAH-polluted soil at 180 days. The P treatment had higher affinity degrading 2-3 and 4 ring compounds than NA and M treatments, respectively. However, M and P treatments were more efficient in regards to naphthalene, indeno[l,2,3-c,d]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene degradation respect to NA. However, 4, 5-6 rings undergo a strong decline during the microbe-assisted phytoremediation, being the treatment which determined the highest rates of PAHs degradation. Sixteen PAH compounds, except fluorene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, were found in maize roots, whereas the naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were accumulated in the shoots, in both P and MAP treatments. However, higher PAH content in maize biomass was achieved during the MAP treatment respect to P treatment. The bioconversion and translocation factors were less than 1, indicating that phystabilization/phytodegradation processes occurred rather than phytoextraction. The microbial biomass, activity and ergosterol content were significantly boosted in the MAP treatment respect to the other treatments at 180 days. Ours results demonstrated that maize-C. laeve association was the most profitable technique for the treatment of an aged PAH-polluted soil when compared to other bioremediation approaches.
- MeSH
- Agaricales růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- kukuřice setá růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Due to limited data-describing abilities of mushrooms to accumulate platinum group elements (PGEs) and rare-earth elements (REEs), the aim of this study was to determine, by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry followed by microwave-assisted sample digestion by nitric acid, the content of these elements in 20 mushroom species (10 above ground and 10 growing on wood), mostly edible, collected near a busy trunk road. The highest content of PGEs in above-ground mushroom species was observed in Lepista gilva and Suillus bovinus fruit bodies (0.38 ± 0.05 and 0.37 ± 0.03 mg kg(-1) DW, respectively), while in mushrooms growing on wood, the highest content was observed in Pleurotus ostreatus (0.35 ± 0.04 mg kg(-1) DW). The mean content of PGEs for both these groups was 0.23 ± 0.08 and 0.26 ± 0.07 mg kg(-1) DW, respectively. The highest content of REEs in Suillus luteus and Tricholoma equestra was 5.03 ± 0.50 and 2.18 ± 0.56 mg kg(-1) DW, respectively, but within mushrooms growing on wood in Ganoderma applanatum fruiting bodies it was 4.19 ± 0.78 mg kg(-1) DW. Mean contents of REEs were 1.39 ± 1.21 and 1.61 ± 0.97 mg kg(-1) DW in above-ground species and species growing on wood, respectively. Generally, the group of mushroom species growing on wood was capable of slightly higher accumulation of both REEs and PGEs. No limits have been established for both the groups until now.
- MeSH
- Agaricales chemie klasifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- kovy vzácných zemin analýza MeSH
- platina analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
The aim of the study was to (i) investigate the potential of edible mushroom Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr. to accumulate 53 elements from unpolluted acidic sandy soil and polluted alkaline flotation tailing sites in Poland, (ii) to estimate the low-molecular-weight organic acid (LMWOA) profile and contents in fruit bodies, and finally (iii) to explore the possible relationship between elements and LMWOA content in mushrooms. The content of most elements in fruiting bodies collected from the flotation tailings was significantly higher than in mushrooms from the unpolluted soils. The occurrence of elements determined in fruiting bodies of B. badius has been varied (from 0.01 mg kg(-1) for Eu, Lu, and Te up to 18,932 mg kg(-1) for K). The results established the high importance of element contents in substrate. Among ten organic acids, nine have been found in wide range: from below 0.01 mg kg(-1) for fumaric acid to 14.8 mg g(-1) for lactic acid. Lactic and succinic acids were dominant in both areas, and citric acid was also in high content in polluted area. The correlation between element contents and the individual and total content of LMWOAs was confirmed.
- MeSH
- Agaricales chemie růst a vývoj MeSH
- fumaráty analýza MeSH
- kyselina jantarová analýza MeSH
- kyselina mléčná analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- plodnice hub chemie růst a vývoj MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
The author, as a reviewer of many international journals, describes his long-standing experiences with incorrect identification of mushroom and fungal species and the resultant incorrect naming of those species that served as experimental models. From his own praxis, he selected several characteristic examples that sometimes ended in a curious situation. Some recommendations to authors of publications and persons responsible for the proper naming of mushrooms under study are summarized.
- MeSH
- Agaricales klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- fixní kombinace léků MeSH
- gramicidin dějiny normy MeSH
- houby klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- mykologické určovací techniky metody normy MeSH
- neomycin dějiny normy MeSH
- nystatin dějiny normy MeSH
- triamcinolonacetonid dějiny normy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
Fruit bodies of about 200 mushroom species are consumed throughout the world, preferably as a delicacy. Knowledge of their chemical composition, nutritional value and health-promoting effects has expanded dynamically during the last few years. Dry matter (DM) is low: commonly about 100 g kg⁻¹ . The usual contents of protein, lipids and ash are 200-250, 20-30 and 80-120 g kg⁻¹ DM, respectively. Various carbohydrates form the remaining DM. Nevertheless, great variations occur both among and within species. Energy is low, usually 350-400 kcal kg⁻¹ of fresh fruit bodies. The nutritional contribution of mushroom protein derived from earlier data seems to be overestimated. Fat content is low with markedly prevailing in linoleic acid and oleic acid, while the proportion of n-3 fatty acids is nutritionally marginal. The main carbohydrates are chitin, glycogen, trehalose and mannitol. Information on fibre content and composition is limited. Health-promoting β-glucans are an auspicious group of polysaccharides. High potassium content is characteristic of mushrooms. Several species can accumulate very high levels of both detrimental trace elements, particularly cadmium and mercury, and radiocaesium isotopes if growing on heavily polluted substrates. Mushrooms seem to be a considerable source of ergosterol, provitamin D₂, and phenolids with antioxidative properties. Hundreds of flavour constituents have been identified, particularly with eight-carbon aliphatic chains. Data on changes of mushroom components under various preservation conditions and culinary treatments have been fragmentary. Even more limited is knowledge of nutrient bioavailability.
- MeSH
- Agaricales chemie růst a vývoj MeSH
- analýza potravin * MeSH
- chuť MeSH
- čití, cítění MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nutriční hodnota MeSH
- odoranty MeSH
- pigmentace MeSH
- plodnice hub chemie růst a vývoj MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Spatial distribution of ectomycorrhizae-associated basidiomycetes was determined in oakbirch forest using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. The data were correlated with actual soil humidity, pH, electric conductivity of the soil extract, absorbance A(465) and A(665) of water and alkali soil extracts and with the ratio A(465)/A(665) (parameter A4/A6). Natural non-homogeneity of the soil parameters was used as experimental gradient. Distance-based redundancy analysis of the T-RFLP data (with soil parameters being taken as environmental parameters) provided significant results when ITS1F-terminanted restriction fragments were analyzed. Among other fungi, a Mycena galericulata related fungus was observed to correlate negatively with A4/A6, indicating its association with highly humified soil organic matter. Positive association of other, unidentified fungi with A4/A6 was also observed. Several other unidentified fungi negatively correlated with electric conductivity of the soil extract. The results may explain nonhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of the fungi associated with ectomycorrhizae as a result of their interaction with non-homogeneous soil environment.
- MeSH
- Agaricales genetika izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- Basidiomycota genetika izolace a purifikace klasifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- bříza mikrobiologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- dub (rod) mikrobiologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- elektrolyty analýza MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- mykorhiza MeSH
- organické látky analýza MeSH
- polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
- půda MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- stromy mikrobiologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The autofluorescence (primary fluorescence, AF) of the freshly collected fruiting bodies of the fungus Macrolepiota rhacodes was studied in a Zeiss Jenalumar fluorescence microscope at a blue and a green excitation. The strongest yellow AF at blue excitation was displayed by irregular granules on the surface of the fungal pileus. A weaker yellow-green AF was exhibited by spherical cells and hyphae in the central part of the pileus while basidiospores emitted somewhat stronger AF. At green excitation, a considerable red AF was emitted only by basidiospores, other parts of the pileus showing a very weak red AF. M. rhacodes AF is much weaker than the AF of wood-rotting fungi, such as Fomes fomentarius, Daedalea quercina, Piptoporus betulinus, Fomitopsis pinicola and others.
