Specimens archived in wet collections represent valuable material for scientific research. Here, we show that bat fly (Diptera, Nycteribiidae) samples contain DNA of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, a fungus pathogenic to bats. Using dual-probe quantitative PCR, we detected P. destructans DNA on bat flies collected in the Samara, Sverdlovsk and Irkutsk regions of Russia between 2005 and 2017. Fungal load was significantly lower on bat flies from wet collections than on freshly collected mites in the Czech Republic. The bat pathogen was present in the Samara region (European part of Russia) in 2005, that is, a year before recognition of white-nose syndrome in North America. As Samara and Irkutsk regions were identified as new positive locations of P. destructans, our data expand the known geographic distribution of P. destructans. We conclude that ethanol-stored ectoparasites can be used to identify the presence of pathogens in historic bat populations and understudied geographical regions.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• Chiroptera parazitologie   MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• infestace ektoparazity epidemiologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• mykózy epidemiologie   MeSH
• parazitární zátěž MeSH
• uchovávání tkání MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Rusko epidemiologie   MeSH

Bats are parasitized by numerous lineages of arthropods, of which bat flies (Diptera, Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are the most conspicuous. Bat flies themselves can be parasitized by Laboulbeniales, fungal biotrophs of arthropods. This is known as hyperparasitism, a severely understudied phenomenon. Three genera of Laboulbeniales occur on bat flies: Arthrorhynchus on Nycteribiidae, Gloeandromyces and Nycteromyces on Streblidae. In this review we introduce the parasitic partners in this tripartite system and discuss their diversity, ecology, and specificity patterns, alongside some important life history traits. Furthermore, we cover recent advances in the study of the associations between bat flies and Laboulbeniales, which were neglected for decades. Among the most immediate needs for further studies are detailed tripartite field surveys. The vermin only teaze and pinch Their foes superior by an inch So, naturalists observe, a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey; And these have smaller still to bite 'em, And so proceed ad infinitum. Jonathan Swift (On Poetry: A Rhapsody, 1733).

• MeSH
• Ascomycota fyziologie   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• Chiroptera parazitologie   MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recently, the World Health Organization launched a campaign to eradicate the tropical disease yaws, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue; however, for decades researchers have questioned whether flies act as a vector for the pathogen that could facilitate transmission. METHODS: A total of 207 fly specimens were trapped in areas of Africa in which T. pallidum-induced skin ulcerations are common in wild baboons; 88 flies from Tarangire National Park and 119 from Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania were analyzed by PCR for the presence of T. pallidum DNA. FINDINGS: We report that in the two study areas, T. pallidum DNA was found in 17-24% of wild-caught flies of the order Diptera. Treponemal DNA sequences obtained from many of the flies match sequences derived from nearby baboon T. pallidum strains, and one of the fly species with an especially high prevalence of T. pallidum DNA, Musca sorbens, has previously been shown to transmit yaws in an experimental setting. INTERPRETATION: Our results raise the possibility that flies play a role in yaws transmission; further research is warranted, given how important understanding transmission is for the eradication of this disfiguring disease.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• Diptera klasifikace   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií * MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hmyz - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
• Papio mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Treponema genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH
• Tanzanie MeSH

In the study, we screened a total of 399 adult sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus) for the presence of RNA and DNA specific for arboviral, bacterial, and protozoan vector-borne pathogens. All investigated keds were negative for flaviviruses, phleboviruses, bunyaviruses, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis," and Babesia spp. All ked pools were positive for Bartonella DNA. The sequencing of the amplified fragments of the gltA and 16S-23S rRNA demonstrated a 100 % homology with Bartonella melophagi previously isolated from a sheep ked and from human blood in the USA. The identification of B. melophagi in sheep keds in Central Europe highlights needs extending a list of hematophagous arthropods beyond ticks and mosquitoes for a search of emerging arthropod-borne pathogens.

• MeSH
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Anaplasmataceae genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• arboviry genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Babesia genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Bartonella genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci ovcí epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• Rickettsia genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The saprophagous larvae of bibionid flies harbor bacteria in their alkaline intestinal tracts, but little is known about the contribution of the gut microbiota to the digestion of their recalcitrant diet. In this study, we measured oxygen and hydrogen partial pressure, redox potential and pH in the midgut, gastric caeca and hindgut of larvae of the bibionid fly Penthetria holosericea with Clark-type O2 and H2 microsensors, platinum redox microelectrodes, and LIX-type pH microelectrodes. The center of the midgut lumen was anoxic, whereas gastric caeca and hindgut were hypoxic. However, redox potential profiles indicated oxidizing conditions throughout the gut, with lowest values in the midgut (+20 to +60mV). Hydrogen production was not detected. The midgut was extremely alkaline (pH around 11), whereas hindgut and gastric caeca were neutral to slightly alkaline. While HPLC analysis showed high concentrations of glucose in the midgut (15mM) and gastric caeca (27mM), the concentrations of microbial fermentation products such as lactate (2-4mM), acetate (<1mM) and succinate (<0.5mM) were low in all gut regions, suggesting that the contribution of microorganisms to the digestive process, particularly in the alkaline midgut, is only of minor importance. We conclude that the digestive strategy of the saprophytic larva of P. holosericea, which feeds selectively on decomposed leaves and its own microbe-rich faeces, differs fundamentally from those of detritivorous and humivorous insects, which host a highly active, fermentative microbiota in their alkaline midgut or hindgut compartments.

• MeSH
• Bacteria růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt chemie   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kyslík metabolismus   MeSH
• larva mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• trávicí systém MeSH
• vodík metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli at an equine clinic and a horseback riding centre, and to discuss the impact of antimicrobial treatment on resistance selection. METHODS: Faeces from horses, environmental smears and flies were sampled at both the clinic and riding centre. Staff at the equine clinic were also examined. The samples were cultivated on MacConkey agar with cefotaxime (2 mg/L) to isolate ESBL-producing E. coli. The presence of bla and qnr genes was tested by PCR, and transferability was determined by conjugation. Replicon typing and restriction analysis of plasmids harbouring ESBL and qnr genes were performed. RESULTS: E. coli with the blaCTX-M-1 gene were isolated from horses, staff, environmental smears and flies at the two sites. E. coli isolates from the equine clinic harboured an IncHI1 conjugative 235-285 kb plasmid containing blaCTX-M-1, catA1, strA, sul2 and tet(B) genes. Some of these were positive for qnrS1 and/or qnrB19, and were located on 40 or 45 kb IncN or IncX1 conjugative plasmids. The gene blaCTX-M-1 in isolates from the riding centre was carried by IncN (30 kb) and IncI1 (85 kb) conjugative plasmids. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be involved in disseminating E. coli with ESBL and qnr genes at the clinic and riding centre. CONCLUSIONS: The study illustrates that ESBL-producing E. coli, as well as plasmids carrying ESBL genes of clinical interest, can be easily transferred among horses, humans and flies living in close contact.

• MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• koně mikrobiologie   MeSH
• konjugace genetická MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• plazmidy MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Insect larvae develop in decaying organic matter and their defence against various microorganisms must therefore be highly efficient. In the present study, we explored the transcriptional kinetics and induction levels of eight genes in Sarcophaga bullata larvae after infection or aseptic injury. Using real-time PCR, we studied the time-dependent immune response of larvae of the fleshfly S. bullata. We compared the mRNA levels of eight selected genes in induced and non-induced larvae. The third-instar larvae of S. bullata were induced by injecting a bacterial suspension of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or by simple aseptic injury with an entomological pin. We used intact larvae as a control for basal mRNA expression. Total RNA was isolated from the whole body, fat body and haemocytes. We determined the mRNA levels of genes encoding sapecin, transferrin, prophenoloxidase 1 and 2, storage-binding protein, cathe psin L, sarcocystatin, and 26/29 kDa protease. We found that there was massive up-regulation of genes encoding the fleshfly peptide sapecin, as well as the protein transferrin. We also detected down-regulation of, or no change in, the expression of genes that encode prophenoloxidase 1 and 2, storage-binding protein, cathepsin L, sarcocystatin, and 26/29 kDa protease.

• MeSH
• Diptera genetika   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli imunologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• larva genetika   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa imunologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• Staphylococcus imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli strains from pigs, sympatric rodents, and flies from two large farms in the Czech Republic with different antibiotic exposure histories were characterized based on antimicrobial resistance genes, integrons, and macrorestriction DNA profiles. Isolates of E. coli were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents according to the standard disk diffusion method. In resistant isolates, polymerase chain reaction was used to detect antibiotic resistance genes, integrase genes, and gene cassettes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used for molecular subtyping of E. coli. In farm A (long-term use of amoxicillin only), 75% (n = 198), 65% (n = 49), 11% (n = 139), and 82% (n = 177) of E. coli isolates from piglets, sows, sympatric rodents, and flies, respectively, were antibiotic resistant. In farm B (various antibiotics commonly used), 53% (n = 154), 69% (n = 98), and 54% (n = 74) of E. coli isolates from piglets, sows, and sympatric rodents, respectively, were antibiotic resistant. In both farms, the highest resistance prevalence was to tetracycline, and resistance patterns of isolates were greatly variable. Isolates with the same resistance phenotype, genes, and PFGE profile were found in pigs and flies. Isolates from rodents showed unique PFGE profiles. Close contact of sympatric rodents and flies with pigs or their products was associated with colonization of rodents and flies with resistant bacteria or transfer of resistance genes found in pig intestinal flora.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Arvicolinae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• chov zvířat MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   účinky léků   MeSH
• hlodavci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• integrasy genetika   MeSH
• integrony genetika   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• myši MeSH
• prasata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• rejskovití mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střeva mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Symbiotic bacterium closely related to the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies, Sodalis glossinidius, has been described from the bloodsucking fly Craterina melbae. Phylogenetic analysis of two genes, 16S rRNA gene and component of type three secretion system, placed the bacterium closer to the Sitophilus-derived branch of Sodalis than to the tsetse symbionts. This indicates that the Craterina-derived lineage of Sodalis originated independent of the tsetse flies symbionts and documents the capability of Sodalis bacteria either to switch between different host groups or to establish the symbiosis by several independent events.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny chemie   klasifikace   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae fyziologie   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• membránové glykoproteiny chemie   klasifikace   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• moucha tse-tse mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• hmyz - vektory MeSH
• Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis izolace a purifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• nemoci skotu mikrobiologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• skot MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH