Inflammation and other immune responses are involved in the variety of diseases and disorders. The acute response to endotoxemia includes activation of innate immune mechanisms as well as changes in autonomic nervous activity. The autonomic nervous system and the inflammatory response are intimately linked and sympathetic and vagal nerves are thought to have anti-inflammation functions. The basic functional circuit between vagus nerve and inflammatory response was identified and the neuroimmunomodulation loop was called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Unique function of vagus nerve in the anti-inflammatory reflex arc was found in many experimental and pre-clinical studies. They brought evidence on the cholinergic signaling interacting with systemic and local inflammation, particularly suppressing immune cells function. Pharmacological/electrical modulation of vagal activity suppressed TNF-alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines production and had beneficial therapeutic effects. Many questions related to mapping, linking and targeting of vagal-immune interactions have been elucidated and brought understanding of its basic physiology and provided the initial support for development of Tracey´s inflammatory reflex. This review summarizes and critically assesses the current knowledge defining cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with main focus on studies employing an experimental approach and emphasizes the potential of modulation of vagally-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway in the treatment strategies.
- MeSH
- antiflogistika imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- cholinergní látky imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nervus vagus imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- neuroimunomodulace fyziologie MeSH
- neurony cholinergní imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce fyziologie MeSH
- zánět imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors with glutamate or other potent agonists such as NMDA leads to excitotoxicity and neural injury. In this study, we aimed to provide insight into an animal model of brain excitotoxic damage; single unilateral infusion of NMDA at mild dose into the hippocampal formation. NMDA infusion induced chronic, focal neurodegeneration in the proximity of the injection site. The lesion was accompanied by severe and progressive neuroinflammation and affected preferentially principal neurons while sparing GABAergic interneurons. Furthermore, the unilateral lesion did not cause significant impairment of spatial learning abilities. Finally, GluN1 and GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptor were significantly upregulated up to 3 days after the NMDA infusion, while GABAA α5 subunit was downregulated at 30 days after the lesion. Taken together, a single infusion of NMDA into the hippocampal formation represents an animal model of excitotoxicity-induced chronic neurodegeneration of principal neurons accompanied by severe neuroinflammation and subunit specific changes in NMDA and GABAA receptors.
- MeSH
- bludiště - učení účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- degenerace nervu diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus patologie MeSH
- funkční lateralita MeSH
- hipokampus diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- N-methylaspartát aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- neurodegenerativní nemoci diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus patologie MeSH
- neuroimunomodulace fyziologie MeSH
- neurony účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- receptory GABA-A metabolismus MeSH
- receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The lipids constitute majority of dry weight of mature human brain. From lipids, 35% is comprised of PUFA with long chain (LC-PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of n-3 family and arachidonic acid (AA) of n-6 family. Humans are dependent on dietary intake of both AA and DHA. Interestingly, the dietary n-6/n-3 ratio increased considerably during last century. LC-PUFAs play numerous roles in the brain, including structural (forming the physico-chemical properties in the lipid bilayer of cellular membranes) and signaling ones. Moreover, they influence neurogenesis and neurotransmission within the nervous tissue. The metabolites of PUFA modulate immune and inflammatory processes in the brain, oxidative stress as well as its consequences. Of high importance is also their connection with several metabolic factors involved in the proper function of the brain and/or were discovered to play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases - melatonin, homocysteine, leptin, and adiponectin. This review gives short view of the metabolism and possible mechanisms of PUFA n-3 action in the brain, and their role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases.
- MeSH
- duševní poruchy imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- neuroimunomodulace fyziologie MeSH
- omega-3 mastné kyseliny metabolismus MeSH
- oxidační stres fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Psychosomatický přístup je součástí psychodermatologie. Zahrnuje celostní přístup k člověku ve zdraví a nemoci a biopsychosociální jednotu člověka. Mezioborová spolupráce dermatologů, klinických psychologů a psychiatrů je základem pro uplatnění vědeckých poznatků o ultrastruktuře kůže, psychoneuro-endokrino-imunologii, psychofarmakologii a psychoterapii v dermatologické praxi. Psychodermatologická sekce České dermatologické společnosti ČLS JEP, která byla ustavena v roce 2004, si klade za cíl zlepšit dermatovenerologickou péči a kvalitu života kožních pacientů.
Psychosomatic approach is a component of psychodermatology which accentuates a holistic principle and psychosocial unity of man. Research data concerning the neurogenic modulation of skin inflammations, together the prevalence of psychosocial influences in dermatological patients, motivate an increased interest of dermatovenereologists in psychodermatology and in the interdisciplinary cooperation with clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and other pertinent specialists. The Section of the Psychodermatology of the Czech Dermatovenereological Society was established in 2004, in order to improve dermatovenereological care and the quality of life in dermatological patients.
It has been confirmed that clock genes, as well as the pineal hormone, have a role in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, the circadian endogenous pacemaker. It seems that the peripheral clock genes in the cells of the immune system subtly control biorhythms; their seeming lack of impact only showing that they work well. Some biorhythms even seem to be independent of a light/dark circadian regime. This apparent conflict in the mammalian time structure can be resolved by a two-clocks control model involving: (a) the endogenous gene clock, which is dominant in the neural system and (b) the exogenous clock of the immune system. Interactions between these two clocks can explain both the frequently observed individual differences in circadian rhythms and the subtle role of the peripheral clock genes. The endogenous clock facilitates an alternation in the immune system which counters external attacks in daytime and induces repair and advancement by night.
- MeSH
- apoptóza fyziologie MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- buněčné jadérko fyziologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- epifýza mozková sekrece MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hematopoetické kmenové buňky cytologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- imunitní systém fyziologie MeSH
- leukocyty cytologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melatonin fyziologie MeSH
- melatoninové receptory fyziologie MeSH
- neuroimunomodulace fyziologie MeSH
- neurony cytologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- nucleus suprachiasmaticus fyziologie MeSH
- přijímání potravy MeSH
- proteiny CLOCK MeSH
- savci fyziologie MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- trans-aktivátory fyziologie genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- artritida experimentální imunologie metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- cirkadiánní rytmus imunologie MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- interleukin-1 genetika MeSH
- interleukin-6 genetika MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- neuroimunomodulace fyziologie MeSH
- pro-opiomelanokortin genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- centrální nervový systém MeSH
- chemokiny fyziologie MeSH
- imunitní systém MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci nervového systému diagnóza imunologie terapie MeSH
- neuroimunomodulace fyziologie MeSH
- polyneuropatie diagnóza imunologie patofyziologie MeSH
- roztroušená skleróza imunologie patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Úvod prvé části „Cytokiny I" jsme věnovali přehledu obecných vlastností a funkcí cytokinů, především jedné skupině cytokinů - interleukinů. v této části jsou shrnuty jak cytokiny prorůstové, tak zánětotvomé, ale pro obě skupiny nejprve vytkneme společné vlastnosti: Je to společný buněčný zdroj cytokinů, společný charakter vazby a přenosu signálu, je to synergický nebo antagonistický efekt vzájemného působeni cytokinové sítě. Konečně jsou to protichůdné funkční důsledKy poammené icvantitativnimi i mterakčnimi vztahy Je to buď růstové a morfogenetické působení nebo vyvolání obranného zánětu, který se za určitých podmínek může změnit na zánět patogenetický.
The introduction of the first part „Cytokines 1" was dedicated to the survey of general properties and functions of cytokines, especially of one group of cytokines, i.e. interleukins. In this part both growth and inflammatory cytokines are summarized. For both groups, we first want to show properties common to all: It is the common cell source of cytokines, the common character of the bond and of the signal transmission, the synergic or antagonistic effect ofthe mutual action ofthe cytokine net. Finally these are the antipodal functional consequences conditioned by quantitative and interactional relationships, the either growth and morphogenetic action or incurrence of the defensive inflammation, which can under certain conditions change to a pathogenetic inflammation.
