Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy represents an important environmental factor in the etiology of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Our goal was to investigate the impacts of MIA on the brain and behavior of adolescent and adult offspring, as a rat model of these neurodevelopmental disorders. We injected bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg) to pregnant Wistar dams from gestational day 7, every other day, up to delivery. Behavior of the offspring was examined in a comprehensive battery of tasks at postnatal days P45 and P90. Several brain parameters were analyzed at P28. The results showed that prenatal immune activation caused social and communication impairments in the adult offspring of both sexes; males were affected already in adolescence. MIA also caused prepulse inhibition deficit in females and increased the startle reaction in males. Anxiety and hypolocomotion were apparent in LPS-affected males and females. In the 28-day-old LPS offspring, we found enlargement of the brain and decreased numbers of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the frontal cortex in both sexes. To conclude, our data indicate that sex of the offspring plays a crucial role in the development of the MIA-induced behavioral alterations, whereas changes in the brain apparent in young animals are sex-independent.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• imunomodulace * MeSH
• interneurony metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lipopolysacharidy imunologie   MeSH
• matka - expozice noxám MeSH
• mikroglie imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• parvalbuminy metabolismus   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Sleep is essential component of life. Even though the research in this field develops constantly, there are still many aspects of this rather complex process that remains to be fully clarified. One of these aspects, reason why we actually sleep, is perhaps the most crucial. In this mini review we aim to address this question and discuss potential functions of sleep. Many recent scientific papers are currently available that covers similar topic. We tried to summarize these recent findings. There are certainly many ways how to approach this rather complex issue. Our article will specifically focus on role of sleep in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, memory consolidation or mental health in general. Its role in immune system functioning will also be mentioned. Moreover, we will also consider more general functions of sleep, such as well-being of the organisms or securing survival of the individual. In conclusion, we will highlight possible main function of sleep.

• MeSH
• duševní zdraví * MeSH
• konsolidace paměti MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek imunologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroimunomodulace MeSH
• neuroplasticita MeSH
• spánek * MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder defined by an extremely low body weight, a devastating fear of weight gain, and body image disturbance, however the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of the article is to provide a comprehensive review on the potential role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. Recent advances in sequencing techniques used for microbial detection revealed that this disease is associated with disruption of the composition of normal gut microbiota (dysbiosis), manifested by low microbial diversity and taxonomic differences as compared to healthy individuals. Microorganisms present in the gut represent a part of the so called "microbiota-gut-brain" axis that affect the central nervous system and thus human behavior via the production of various neuroactive compounds. In addition, cells of the immune system are equipped with receptors for these neuroactive substances. Microbiota of the intestinal system also represent a very important antigenic source. These antigens can mimic some host neuropeptides and neurohormones and thus trigger the production of autoantibodies which cross-react with these compounds. The levels and affinities of these antibodies are thought to be associated with neuropsychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, and eating and sleep disorders. The study of microbiota function in diseases could bring new insights to the pathogenetic mechanisms.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mentální anorexie imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mozek imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a severe neuropathological disorder caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Brain TBEV infection is characterized by extensive pathological neuroinflammation. The mechanism by which TBEV causes CNS destruction remains unclear, but growing evidence suggests that it involves both direct neuronal damage by the virus infection and indirect damage caused by the immune response. Here, we aimed to examine the TBEV-infection-induced innate immune response in mice and in human neural cells. We also compared cytokine/chemokine communication between naïve and infected neuronal cells and astrocytes. METHODS: We used a multiplexed Luminex system to measure multiple cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in mouse serum samples and brain tissue, and in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) and primary cortical astrocytes (HBCA), which were infected with the highly pathogenic TBEV strain Hypr. We also investigated changes in cytokine/chemokine production in naïve HBCA cells treated with virus-free supernatants from TBEV-infected SK-N-SH cells and in naïve SK-N-SH cells treated with virus-free supernatants from TBEV-infected HBCA cells. Additionally, a plaque assay was performed to assess how cytokine/chemokine treatment influenced viral growth following TBEV infection. RESULTS: TBEV-infected mice exhibited time-dependent increases in serum and brain tissue concentrations of multiple cytokines/chemokines (mainly CXCL10/IP-10, and also CXCL1, G-CSF, IL-6, and others). TBEV-infected SK-N-SH cells exhibited increased production of IL-8 and RANTES and downregulated MCP-1 and HGF. TBEV infection of HBCA cells activated production of a broad spectrum of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (mainly IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10, RANTES, and G-CSF) and downregulated the expression of VEGF. Treatment of SK-N-SH with supernatants from infected HBCA induced expression of a variety of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced SK-N-SH mortality after TBEV infection, and decreased virus growth in these cells. Treatment of HBCA with supernatants from infected SK-N-SH had little effect on cytokine/chemokine/growth factor expression but reduced TBEV growth in these cells after infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that both neurons and astrocytes are potential sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines in TBEV-infected brain tissue. Infected/activated astrocytes produce cytokines/chemokines that stimulate the innate neuronal immune response, limiting virus replication, and increasing survival of infected neurons.

• MeSH
• cytokiny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• klíšťová encefalitida imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek imunologie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neurony imunologie   metabolismus   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We assessed the outcome of patients with drug resistant epilepsy and neuronal antibodies who underwent epilepsy surgery. Retrospective study, information collected with a questionnaire sent to epilepsy surgery centers. Thirteen patients identified, with antibodies to GAD (8), Ma2 (2), Hu (1), LGI1 (1) or CASPR2 (1). Mean age at seizure onset: 23 years. Five patients had an encephalitic phase. Three had testicular tumors and five had autoimmune diseases. All had drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (median: 20 seizures/month). MRI showed unilateral temporal lobe abnormalities (mainly hippocampal sclerosis) in 9 patients, bilateral abnormalities in 3, and was normal in 1. Surgical procedures included anteromesial temporal lobectomy (10 patients), selective amygdalohippocampectomy (1), temporal pole resection (1) and radiofrequency ablation of mesial structures (1). Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates were seen in 7/12 patients. One year outcome available in all patients, at 3 years in 9. At last visit 5/13 patients (38.5%) (with Ma2, Hu, LGI1, and 2 GAD antibodies) were in Engel's classes I or II. Epilepsy surgery may be an option for patients with drug resistant seizures associated with neuronal antibodies. Outcome seems to be worse than that expected in other etiologies, even in the presence of unilateral HS. Intracranial EEG may be required in some patients.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky krev   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   imunologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   imunologie   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• refrakterní epilepsie komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   imunologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

• MeSH
• dlouhověkost imunologie   MeSH
• imunitní systém fyziologie   MeSH
• mozek imunologie   MeSH
• nemoci nervového systému imunologie   MeSH
• zdravé chování MeSH
• Publikační typ
• populární práce MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• neurologie
• alergologie a imunologie

Perinatal immune challenge leads to neurodevelopmental dysfunction, permanent immune dysregulation and abnormal behaviour, which have been shown to have translational validity to findings in human neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, autism, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease). The aim of this animal study was to elucidate the influence of early immune stimulation triggered by systemic postnatal lipopolysaccharide administration on biochemical, histopathological and morphological measures, which may be relevant to the neurobiology of human psychopathology. In the present study of adult male Wistar rats we examined the brain and plasma levels of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin), their metabolites, the levels of the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid and the levels of tryptophan and its metabolites from the kynurenine catabolic pathway. Further, we focused on histopathological and morphological markers related to pathogenesis of brain diseases--glial cell activation, neurodegeneration, hippocampal volume reduction and dopaminergic synthesis in the substantia nigra. Our results show that early immune stimulation in adult animals alters the levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites, activates the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism and leads to astrogliosis, hippocampal volume reduction and a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra. These findings support the crucial pathophysiological role of early immune stimulation in the above mentioned neuropsychiatric disorders.

• MeSH
• astrocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• biogenní monoaminy krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• duševní poruchy imunologie   metabolismus   patologie   psychologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kynurenin metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
• metabolom MeSH
• mikroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• mozek imunologie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• neuroimunomodulace * MeSH
• neurotransmiterové látky metabolismus   MeSH
• psychopatologie MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• tryptofan metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Encefalitida s pozitivitou protilátek proti N-metyl-D-aspartát receptorům (NM-DAR) je imunologicky podmíněná forma encefalitidy, kterou charakterizuje přítomnost psychiatrických symptomů v počátku nemoci. Poprvé byla popsána v roce 2007 a od té doby bylo dokumentováno více než 400 případů. Asi v polovině případů je autoimunitní reakce proti NMDA receptorům paraneoplastickým projevem při ovariálním nebo méně jiném typu nádoru. Nejčastěji se vyskytuje u mladých dospělých žen a pro převažující psychiatrické symptomy imitující schizofrenii a mladší věk nemocných se v úvodu často chybně diagnostikuje primárně psychiatrické onemocnění. Správně vedená terapie ale ve většině případů vede k vyléčení potenciálně letálního onemocnění. Práce popisuje případ muže s diagnostikovanou anti-NMDAR encefalitidou a zahrnuje přehled literatury.

Encephalitis with antibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NM-DAR) is an immunologically mediated form of encephalitis which is characterized by the presence of psychiatric symptoms in the beginning of the disease. It was first described in year 2007 and since then were documented more than 400 cases. Approximately in a half of cases the autoimmune reaction against NMDA receptors represents a paraneo-plastic syndrome in patients with ovarial teratoma or less commnon other types of tumor. Most often it occurs in young females and because of prevailing psychiatric symptoms that imitate schizophrenia and younger age of patients it is not rarely misdiagnosed as a primary psychiatric disease. Properly guided therapy of this potentially lethal disease leads in most cases to complete recovery. This paper includes a case report of a male patient with diagnosed anti-NMDAR encephalitis and a review of the literature.

• MeSH
• atrofie etiologie   MeSH
• autoprotilátky krev   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• encefalitida s protilátkami proti NMDA receptorům * diagnóza   etiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• imunoterapie MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• nádory komplikace   MeSH
• paraneoplastické neurologické syndromy MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Autoimunitní limbické encefalitidy (LE) představují heterogenní skupinu imunitně podmíněných onemocnění CNS, pro něž je charakteristický subakutní rozvoj poruch paměti, psychiatrických příznaků a epileptických záchvatů. LE lze dělit na 1) syndromy s protilátkami proti intracelulárním antigenům, kam patří LE s dobře charakterizovanými paraneoplastickými autoprotilátkami (anti-Hu, anti-Ma2, anti-CV2/CRMP5, anti-amphiphysin) a LE s protilátkami anti-GAD, a 2) na syndromy s protilátkami proti membránovým a synaptickým antigenům (anti-LGI1, anti-caspr-2, anti-AMPA, anti-GABAB), které mají obecně lepší prognózu. Úspěšná léčba pacientů s LE vyžaduje včasnou diagnózu. Cílem tohoto přehledného článku je seznámit čtenáře s hlavními charakteristikami LE.

The term autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE) denotes a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated CNS disorders with characteristic clinical symptoms including subacute memory dysfunction, psychiatric problems and epileptic seizures. LE can be divided into 1) syndromes with antibodies against intracellular antigens and 2) syndromes with antibodies against membrane and synaptic antigens. The first group includes LE with well characterized paraneoplastic antibodies (anti-Hu, anti-Ma2, anti-CV2/CRMP5, anti-amphiphysin) and LE with anti-GAD antibodies. The latter group comprises LE with antibodies against LGI1, caspr-2, AMPA receptors and GABAB receptors, which generally have a better prognosis. Early diagnosis is the most important factor for successful treatment of LE patients. The aim of this review is to provide readers with main characteristics of LE.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• diagnostické zobrazování metody   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• imunoterapie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limbická encefalitida diagnóza   imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek imunologie   patologie   radiografie   MeSH
• paraneoplastické syndromy MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• protilátky nádorové analýza   MeSH
• protilátky analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• záchvaty MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The lipids constitute majority of dry weight of mature human brain. From lipids, 35% is comprised of PUFA with long chain (LC-PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of n-3 family and arachidonic acid (AA) of n-6 family. Humans are dependent on dietary intake of both AA and DHA. Interestingly, the dietary n-6/n-3 ratio increased considerably during last century. LC-PUFAs play numerous roles in the brain, including structural (forming the physico-chemical properties in the lipid bilayer of cellular membranes) and signaling ones. Moreover, they influence neurogenesis and neurotransmission within the nervous tissue. The metabolites of PUFA modulate immune and inflammatory processes in the brain, oxidative stress as well as its consequences. Of high importance is also their connection with several metabolic factors involved in the proper function of the brain and/or were discovered to play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases - melatonin, homocysteine, leptin, and adiponectin. This review gives short view of the metabolism and possible mechanisms of PUFA n-3 action in the brain, and their role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases.

• MeSH
• duševní poruchy imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné omega-3 metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• neuroimunomodulace fyziologie   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH