This study concerned the occurrence of fecal bacteria with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in rooks (Corvus frugilegus, medium-sized corvid birds) wintering in continental Europe during winter 2010/2011. Samples of fresh rook feces were taken by cotton swabs at nine roosting places in eight European countries. Samples were transported to one laboratory and placed in buffered peptone water (BPW). The samples from BPW were enriched and subcultivated onto MacConkey agar (MCA) supplemented with ciprofloxacin (0.06 mg/L) to isolate fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria. DNA was isolated from smears of bacterial colonies growing on MCA and tested by PCR for PMQR genes aac(6')-Ib, qepA, qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and oqxAB. All the PCR products were further analyzed by sequencing. Ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria were isolated from 37% (392 positive/1,073 examined) of samples. Frequencies of samples with ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates ranged significantly from 3% to 92% in different countries. The qnrS1 gene was found in 154 samples and qnrS2 in 2 samples. The gene aac(6')-Ib-cr was found in 16 samples. Thirteen samples were positive for qnrB genes in variants qnrB6 (one sample), qnrB18 (one), qnrB19 (one), qnrB29 (one), and qnrB49 (new variant) (one). Both the qnrD and oqxAB genes were detected in six samples. The genes qnrA, qnrC, and qepA were not found. Wintering omnivorous rooks in Europe were commonly colonized by bacteria supposedly Enterobacteriaceae with PMQR genes. Rooks may disseminate these epidemiologically important bacteria over long distances and pose a risk for environmental contamination.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Enterobacteriaceae genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections epidemiology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Feces microbiology MeSH
- Fluoroquinolones pharmacology MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Bird Diseases epidemiology microbiology MeSH
- Plasmids classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary MeSH
- Protein Isoforms classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Escherichia coli Proteins classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Crows microbiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
- MeSH
- Biliverdine physiology chemical synthesis MeSH
- Homocysteine physiology chemistry MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Carbon Monoxide * analysis metabolism toxicity MeSH
- Oxygenases physiology chemistry MeSH
- Protein Isoforms classification MeSH
- Hydrogen Sulfide * analysis metabolism toxicity MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Plant seed oil bodies, subcellular lipoprotein inclusions providing storage reserves, are composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with several integrated proteins that play a significant role in stabilization of the particles and probably also in lipid mobilization. Oil bodies' proteins are generally very hydrophobic, due to the long uncharged sequences anchoring them into the lipid core, which makes them extremely difficult to handle and to digest successfully. Although oil bodies have been intensively studied during last decades, not all their proteins have been identified yet. To overcome the problems connected with their identification, a method based on SDS-PAGE, in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS analysis was used. Digestion was carried out with trypsin and chymotrypsin, single or in combination, which increased significantly the number of identified peptides, namely the hydrophobic ones. Thanks to this methodology it was possible to achieve an extensive coverage of proteins studied, to analyze their N-terminal modifications and moreover, to detect four new oil bodies' protein isoforms, which demonstrates the complexity of oil bodies' protein composition.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Chromatography, Liquid MeSH
- Chymotrypsin chemistry MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel MeSH
- Mass Spectrometry MeSH
- Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
- Plant Oils chemistry MeSH
- Peptide Fragments analysis chemistry MeSH
- Protein Isoforms chemistry classification isolation & purification MeSH
- Arabidopsis Proteins chemistry isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, Protein MeSH
- Seeds chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Trypsin chemistry MeSH
- Vacuoles chemistry MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Objev prostatického specifického antigenu (PSA) a jeho zavedení do klinické praxe znamenaly revoluci v detekci a léčbě karcinomu prostaty. Bez ohledu na celkový přínos PSA je kliniky neustále diskutováno jeho postavení jako jediného markeru karcinomu prostaty. Jsou diskutovány pomocné faktory PSA a přínos jeho molekulárních izoforem. Prekurzorové formy PSA jsou spojeny s přítomností a biologickým chováním karcinomu prostaty. Do budoucna lze předpokládat prudký rozvoj nádorových markerů karcinomu prostaty s využitím malého panelu markerů pro přesnou diagnostiku a sledování pacientů s karcinomem prostaty. Lze předpokládat, že PSA resp. jeho izoformy budou součástí tohoto panelu.
The introduction of prostate-specific antigen has revolutionized the detection and management of patiens with prostate cancer. Despite this there was always been a concern among clinicians about the usefulness of total PSA level as a marker for prostate cancer. We discuss the use of calculated variables and molecular forms of PSA. The precursor forms of PSA have been associated with presence and biological behavior of prostate cancer. With recent advances in biotechnology, e.?g. high-throughout molecular analyse, many potential blood biomarkers have been identified. Consequently, the future of cancer prognosis might rely on small panels of markers That can accurately predict prostate cancer presence and prognosis. PSA and its isorms will be apart of this panel.
