Mateřské mléko je pro kojence tou nejlepší výživou. Pro děti, které nemohou být kojeny, jsou určeny kojenecké formule, jejichž složení je určeno legislativně, přesto se v řadě aspektů liší. Nové poznatky naznačují možný pozitivní vliv přirozených součástí živočišných mléčných tuků, jako je beta‑palmitát a MFGM (milk fat globule membrane) na zdraví a vývoj dětí. Ty jsou obsaženy ve formulích založených na plnotučném kravském mléku ve větší míře než v běžných kojeneckých formulích.
Breast milk is the best nutrition choice for infants. Some infants, however, cannot be breastfed. For those infants, we recommend formulas, that have a composition defined by the legislature. Still, infant formulas vary in several aspects. New findings suggest that natural mammalian milk components such as beta-palmitate or milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) might play a positive role in cognitive development and health of infants.
- Klíčová slova
- milk fat globule membrane,
- MeSH
- dietní tuky * MeSH
- fyziologie výživy kojenců MeSH
- glykolipidy terapeutické užití MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kyselina palmitová chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipidová tělíska fyziologie MeSH
- náhražky mateřského mléka * chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipid mediators with promising antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties that are formed in white adipose tissue (WAT) via de novo lipogenesis, but their biosynthetic enzymes are unknown. Using a combination of lipidomics in WAT, quantitative trait locus mapping, and correlation analyses in rat BXH/HXB recombinant inbred strains, as well as response to oxidative stress in murine models, we elucidated the potential pathway of biosynthesis of several FAHFAs. Comprehensive analysis of WAT samples identified ∼160 regioisomers, documenting the complexity of this lipid class. The linkage analysis highlighted several members of the nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant defense system (Prdx6, Mgst1, Mgst3), lipid-handling proteins (Cd36, Scd6, Acnat1, Acnat2, Baat), and the family of flavin containing monooxygenases (Fmo) as the positional candidate genes. Transgenic expression of Nrf2 and deletion of Prdx6 genes resulted in reduction of palmitic acid ester of 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-PAHSA) and 11-PAHSA levels, while oxidative stress induced by an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis increased PAHSA levels nonspecifically. Our results indicate that the synthesis of FAHFAs via carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein-driven de novo lipogenesis depends on the adaptive antioxidant system and suggest that FAHFAs may link activity of this system with insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.
- MeSH
- bílá tuková tkáň enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- estery chemie metabolismus MeSH
- faktor 2 související s NF-E2 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyselina palmitová chemie metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny stearové chemie metabolismus MeSH
- metabolomika metody MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- oxidační stres * MeSH
- peroxiredoxin VI genetika metabolismus MeSH
- potkani inbrední BN MeSH
- potkani inbrední SHR MeSH
- potkani transgenní MeSH
- regulace genové exprese enzymů * MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Polysaccharides meet several criteria for a suitable biomaterial for tissue engineering, which include biocompatibility and ability to support the delivery and growth of cells. Nevertheless, most of these polysaccharides, for example dextran, alginate, and glycosaminoglycans, are highly soluble in aqueous solutions. Hyaluronic acid hydrophobized by palmitic acid and processed to the form of wet-spun fibers and the warp-knitted textile scaffold is water non-soluble, but biodegradable material, which could be used for the tissue engineering purpose. However, its surface quality does not allow cell attachment. To enhance the biocompatibility the surface of palmitoyl-hyaluronan was roughened by freeze drying and treated by different cell adhesive proteins (fibronectin, fibrinogen, laminin, methacrylated gelatin and collagen IV). Except for collagen IV, these proteins covered the fibers uniformly for an extended period of time and supported the adhesion and cultivation of dermal fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. Interestingly, adipose stem cells cultivated on the fibronectin-modified scaffold secreted increasing amount of HGF, SDF-1, and VEGF, three key growth factors involved in cardiac regeneration. These results suggested that palmitoyl-hyaluronan scaffold may be a promising material for various applications in tissue regeneration, including cardiac tissue repair. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1488-1499, 2018.
- MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály chemie MeSH
- buněčná adheze MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- fibronektiny chemie MeSH
- kmenové buňky cytologie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová chemie MeSH
- kyselina palmitová chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- proliferace buněk MeSH
- tkáňové inženýrství MeSH
- tkáňové podpůrné struktury chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Total lipid contents of green (Chlorella pyrenoidosa, C), red (Porphyra tenera, N; Palmaria palmata, D), and brown (Laminaria japonica, K; Eisenia bicyclis, A; Undaria pinnatifida, W, WI; Hizikia fusiformis, H) commercial edible algal and cyanobacterial (Spirulina platensis, S) products, and autotrophically cultivated samples of the green microalga Chlorella kessleri (CK) and the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (SP) were determined using a solvent mixture of methanol/chloroform/water (1:2:1, v/v/v, solvent I) and n-hexane (solvent II). Total lipid contents ranged from 0.64% (II) to 18.02% (I) by dry weight and the highest total lipid content was observed in the autotrophically cultivated cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Solvent mixture I was found to be more effective than solvent II. Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography of their methyl esters (% of total FAMEs). Generally, the predominant fatty acids (all results for extractions with solvent mixture I) were saturated palmitic acid (C16:0; 24.64%-65.49%), monounsaturated oleic acid (C18:1(n-9); 2.79%-26.45%), polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2(n-6); 0.71%-36.38%), α-linolenic acid (C18:3(n-3); 0.00%-21.29%), γ-linolenic acid (C18:3(n-6); 1.94%-17.36%), and arachidonic acid (C20:4(n-6); 0.00%-15.37%). The highest content of ω-3 fatty acids (21.29%) was determined in Chlorella pyrenoidosa using solvent I, while conversely, the highest content of ω-6 fatty acids (41.42%) was observed in Chlorella kessleri using the same solvent.
- MeSH
- analýza potravin MeSH
- Chlorophyta chemie MeSH
- kyselina alfa-linolenová chemie MeSH
- kyselina linolová chemie MeSH
- kyselina palmitová chemie MeSH
- kyseliny mastné omega-3 chemie MeSH
- lipidy chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- mořské řasy chemie MeSH
- rozpouštědla chemie MeSH
- sinice chemie MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Transdermal permeation enhancers are compounds that temporarily increase drug flux through the skin by interacting with constituents of the stratum corneum. Transkarbam 12 (T12) is a highly active, broad-spectrum, biodegradable enhancer with low toxicity and low dermal irritation. We show here that T12 acts by a dual mechanism of action. The first part of this activity is associated with its ammonium carbamate polar head as shown by its pH-dependent effects on the permeation of two model drugs. Once this ammonium carbamate penetrates into the stratum corneum intercellular lipids, it rapidly decomposes releasing two molecules of protonated dodecyl 6-aminohexanoate (DDEAC) and carbon dioxide. This was observed by thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy. This step of T12 action influences drug permeation through lipidic pathways, not through the aqueous pores (polar pathway) as shown by its effects on various model drugs and electrical impedance. Consequently, protonated DDEAC released in the stratum corneum is also an active enhancer. It broadens the scope of T12 action since it is also able to increase permeation of hydrophilic drugs that prefer the pore pathway. Thus, this dual effect of T12 is likely responsible for its favorable properties, which make it a good candidate for prospective clinical use.
- MeSH
- adjuvancia farmaceutická chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- aplikace kožní MeSH
- elektrická impedance MeSH
- epidermis chemie MeSH
- fyziologie kůže účinky léků MeSH
- hydrokortison aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
- karbamáty chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kožní absorpce účinky léků MeSH
- kůže účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina 6-aminokapronová analogy a deriváty chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- kyselina palmitová chemie MeSH
- lipidy chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- oxid uhličitý chemie metabolismus MeSH
- permeabilita účinky léků MeSH
- spektrofotometrie infračervená MeSH
- Sus scrofa MeSH
- termogravimetrie MeSH
- theofylin aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
