Bronchoezofageálne a bronchogastrické fistuly sú zriedkavou komplikáciou chirurgických zákrokov v hrudnej dutine, ako ezofagektómia, malígnych ochorení, dlhodobej endotracheálnej intubácie alebo infekčných ochorení. I keď nie sú časté, dosahujú vysokú morbiditu a mortalitu. Liečba týchto fistúl je náročná a často zdĺhavá s obmedzenou úspešnosťou. V rámci terapie môžeme u niektorých typov fistúl zvoliť endoskopické riešenie, ktorého úspešnosť, napriek veľkému množstvu rôznych metód, je nižšia s malým množstvom konzistentných dôkazov o účinnosti. Súčasne sa objavujú nové zariadenia a technológie s potenciálom na riešenie týchto stavov. Jednou z týchto metód je aj endobronchiálny bloker – Watanabeho spigot, ktorý sa iniciálne používal v pneumológii v terapii perzistentného pneumotoraxu, resp. pyotoraxu s bronchiálnou fistulou. V prezentovaných kazuistikách uvádzame použitie Watanabeho spigotu v kombinácii s over-the-scope klipmi v rámci terapie bronchoezofageálnych fistúl po ezofagektómii. V teoretickej časti článku uvádzame tiež prehľad endoskopických možností terapie uvedených fistúl v kontexte najnovších poznatkov a osobitne diskutujeme dostupné dáta o možnostiach využitia Watanabeho spigotov v liečbe bronchoezofageálnych fistúl.
Bronchoesophageal and bronchogastric fistulas are rare complications of thoracic surgery as esophagectomy, malignancy or prolonged endotracheal intubation. Although uncommon, their morbidity and mortality is substantial. Treatment of these fistulas is challenging and often lengthy with limited success rates. Endoscopic treatment may be the treatment of choice for some types of fistulas, but despite a variety of methods available, the success rate is relatively low with little consistent data about its effectiveness. At the same time, new technologies and devices have become available with a potential to address these complicated conditions. One of them are Watanabe spigots, initially used in pneumology for the treatment of persistent pneumothorax and pyothorax with bronchial fistula. In the presented case reports Watanabe spigots are used in combination with over-the-scope clips in two of our patients with bronchoesophageal fistulas fol lowing esophagectomy with promising results. We also present an overview of endoscopic methods of therapy in the context of and separately discuss available evidence about the possibilities of the use of Watanabeho spigots in the treatment of bronchoesophageal fistulas.
- MeSH
- bronchiální píštěl * chirurgie diagnóza MeSH
- diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- endoskopy gastrointestinální MeSH
- ezofagektomie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory jícnu chirurgie farmakoterapie MeSH
- pooperační komplikace etiologie terapie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Power hammers are mechanised forging devices that constitute a pivotal part of steel manufacturing. Power hammer-associated injuries are a rare occurrence. We report a noteworthy case of a 52-year-old man who sustained a high-energy penetrating injury while working with a power (counterblow) hammer. The man used a sizable disc-shaped metallic object to dislodge the forging wedged in the machine by applying the force of the striking ram on it. On impact, the object ejected and struck the man in the right lateral portion of the chest. The autopsy disclosed extensive damage to the thoracic and abdominal organs. The cause of death was opined to be exsanguination due to penetrating trauma of the heart and transection of the descending aorta. The investigation confirmed a breach of safety regulations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first power (counterblow) hammer-related fatality in medico-legal literature.
- MeSH
- aorta thoracica zranění patologie MeSH
- cizí tělesa patologie MeSH
- exsanguinace * etiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- penetrující rány * patologie MeSH
- poranění srdce patologie MeSH
- pracovní nehody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that spread around the world during the past 2 years, has infected more than 260 million people worldwide and has imposed an important burden on the healthcare system. Several risk factors associated with unfavorable outcome were identified, including elderly age, selected comorbidities, immune suppression as well as laboratory markers. The role of immune system in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection is indisputable: while an appropriate function of the immune system is important for a rapid clearance of the virus, progression to the severe and critical phases of the disease is related to an exaggerated immune response associated with a cytokine storm. We analyzed differences and longitudinal changes in selected immune parameters in 823 adult COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia. Examined parameters included the differential blood cell counts, various parameters of cellular and humoral immunity (serum concentration of immunoglobulins, C4 and C3), lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, NK cells, CD4+CD45RO+), expression of activation (HLA-DR, CD38) and inhibition markers (CD159/NKG2A). Besides already known changes in the differential blood cell counts and basic lymphocyte subsets, we found significantly higher proportion of CD8+CD38+ cells and significantly lower proportion of CD8+NKG2A+ and NK NKG2A+ cells on admission in non-survivors, compared to survivors; recovery in survivors was associated with a significant increase in the expression of HLA-DR and with a significant decrease of the proportion of CD8+CD38+cells. Furthermore, patients with fatal outcome had significantly lower concentrations of C3 and IgM on admission. However, none of the examined parameters had sufficient sensitivity or specificity to be considered a biomarker of fatal outcome. Understanding the dynamic changes in immune profile of COVID-19 patients may help us to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease, potentially improve management of hospitalized patients and enable proper timing and selection of immunomodulator drugs.
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
INTRODUCTION: The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) strategy report provides guidance on effective management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) according to local healthcare systems. However, COPD is a heterogenous disease and certain aspects, including prevalence, disease-time course and phenotype distribution, can differ between countries. Moreover, features of clinical practice and healthcare systems for patients with COPD can vary widely, even in geographically close and economically similar countries. AREAS COVERED: Based on an initial workshop of respiratory physicians from eleven countries across Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in December 2018 and subsequent discussions, this article offers region-specific insights from clinical practice and healthcare systems in CEE. Taking recommendations from the GOLD 2022 report into account, we suggest approaches to adapt these into national clinical guidelines for COPD management in CEE. EXPERT OPINION: Several factors should be considered when optimizing management of COPD in CEE compared with other regions, including differences in smoking status, vaccination uptake, prevalence of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria, and variations in healthcare systems. We provide guidance and algorithms for pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management of COPD for the following scenarios: initial and follow-up treatment, treatment of patients with frequent exacerbations, and withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids where appropriate.
- MeSH
- chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc * diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- hormony kůry nadledvin terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
The velocity of the COVID-19 pandemic spread and the variable severity of the disease course has forced scientists to search for potential predictors of the disease outcome. We examined various immune parameters including the markers of immune cells exhaustion and activation in 21 patients with COVID-19 disease hospitalised in our hospital during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia. The results showed significant progressive lymphopenia and depletion of lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+) in correlation to the disease severity. Clinical recovery was associated with significant increase in CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ T-cells. Most of our patients had eosinopenia on admission, although no significant differences were seen among groups with different disease severity. Non-survivors, when compared to survivors, had significantly increased expression of PD-1 on CD4+ and CD8+ cells, but no significant difference in Tim-3 expression was observed, what suggests possible reversibility of immune paralysis in the most severe group of patients. During recovery, the expression of Tim-3 on both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells significantly decreased. Moreover, patients with fatal outcome had significantly higher proportion of CD38+CD8+ cells and lower proportion of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ cells on admission. Clinical recovery was associated with significant decrease of proportion of CD38+CD8+ cells. The highest AUC values within univariate and multivariate logistic regression were achieved for expression of CD38 on CD8+ cells and expression of PD1 on CD4+ cells alone or combined, what suggests, that these parameters could be used as potential biomarkers of poor outcome. The assessment of immune markers could help in predicting outcome and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Our observations suggest, that apart from the degree of depletion of total lymphocytes and lymphocytes subsets, increased expression of CD38 on CD3+CD8+ cells alone or combined with increased expression of PD-1 on CD3+CD4+ cells, should be regarded as a risk factor of an unfavourable outcome in COVID-19 patients. Increased expression of PD-1 in the absence of an increased expression of Tim-3 on CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells suggests potential reversibility of ongoing immune paralysis in patients with the most severe course of COVID-19.
- MeSH
- CD4-pozitivní T-lymfocyty MeSH
- CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Itch is the most common chief complaint in patients visiting dermatology clinics and is analogous to cough and also sneeze of the lower and upper respiratory tract, all three of which are host actions trying to clear noxious stimuli. The pathomechanisms of these symptoms are not completely determined. The itch can originate from a variety of etiologies. Itch originates following the activation of peripheral sensory nerve endings following damage or exposure to inflammatory mediators. More than one sensory nerve subtype is thought to subservepruriceptive itch which includes both unmyelinated C-fibers and thinly myelinated Adelta nerve fibers. There are a lot of mediators capable of stimulating these afferent nerves leading to itch. Cough and itch pathways are mediated by small-diameter sensory fibers. These cough and itch sensory fibers release neuropeptides upon activation, which leads to inflammation of the nerves. The inflammation is involved in the development of chronic conditions of itch and cough. The aim of this review is to point out the role of sensory nerves in the pathogenesis of cough and itching. The common aspects of itch and cough could lead to new thoughts and perspectives in both fields.
- MeSH
- agonisté histaminu škodlivé účinky MeSH
- histamin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kapsaicin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kašel chemicky indukované patofyziologie MeSH
- látky ovlivňující senzorický systém škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nervová vlákna myelinizovaná účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- nervová vlákna nemyelinizovaná účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- nervové receptory účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- neurony aferentní účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- periferní nervy účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- pruritus chemicky indukované patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- Covid 19,
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
