Úvod: Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) patří mezi objektivní standardizované testy používané k hodnocení jemné motoriky. Obsahuje čtyři fyzicky prováděné subtesty, ve kterých je úkolem za omezený čas umístit do otvorů testovací desky co nejvíce součástek přesně podle instrukcí. Během testování často vznikají specifické situace, na které je potřeba ihned reagovat a následně je i zohlednit při počítání skóre. Cílem projektu bylo zjistit, zda ergoterapeuti z České republiky a Slovinska jednotně reagují na vybrané specifické situace během testování pomocí PPT a zda se shodují i na jejich vyhodnocení. Metodický postup: V roce 2021 proběhlo online dotazníkové šetření adresované českým a slovinským ergoterapeutům. Otázky obsahovaly i videoukázky šesti specifických situací. Respondenti měli uvést způsob, jak by na dané situace reagovali a jak by je vyhodnotili. Odpovědi 87 českých a 67 slovinských ergoterapeutů byly analyzovány s využitím deskriptivní statistiky. Výsledky jednoznačně potvrzují, že se ergoterapeuti ani v jedné zemi neshodli ve způsobech reakcí na vybrané specifické situace ani v jejich vyhodnocení. Znovupoužitý upadnutý kolík na testovací desku by započítalo 20 respondentů, dalších 17 uvedlo přesný opak. Většina ergoterapeutů (31×) by započítala pár kolíků, z nichž jeden nebyl zcela zastrčen do otvoru, zatímco 8 ergoterapeutů by ho nepočítalo. Kvůli dopomoci s manipulací s kolíkem druhou rukou během subtestu Obě ruce by nejvíce ergoterapeutů započítalo o jeden pár kolíků méně. Kvůli vynechávání otvorů při Kompletování by pokus ihned přerušilo 16 ergoterapeutů, zatímco 13 dalších to nepovažovalo za chybu. Nechtěně shozenou podložku z již hotového kompletu by nepočítala většina (23×) českých ani slovinských ergoterapeutů. Kvůli záměně pořadí rukou při tvorbě kompletů by 20 ergoterapeutů pokus anulovalo, zatímco 13 dalších by ho normálně počítalo. Závěr: Dotazníkové šetření potvrdilo, že jsou nová pravidla pro řešení specifických situací vznikajících během testování pomocí PPT a pro jejich vyhodnocení uvedená v České rozšířené verzi manuálu pro PPT zcela nezbytná pro jednotné objektivní testování v klinické praxi.

Introduction: Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) is an objective standardized test for fine motor skills assessment. It contains four physically administered subtests. The task is to place as many components as possible on the pegboard in a limited amount of time into holes exactly according to the given instructions. Specific situations often arise. It is necessary to react to them immediately and then take them into account when calculating the score. The aim of the project was to determine whether occupational therapists (OTs) from the Czech Republic and Slovenia react uniformly to the selected specific situations during PPT testing and whether they agree on their evaluation. Methodology: In 2021, an online questionnaire survey was addressed to Czech and Slovenian OTs. The questions included video demonstrations of six specific situations. Answers from 87 Czech and 67 Slovenian OTs were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results clearly confirm that OTs from neither country agreed on the ways of responding to the selected specific situations nor on their evaluation. Reusing a dropped peg on the test board would be counted by 20 respondents, with a further 17 stating the exact opposite. A pair of pegs, one of which was not completely tucked into the hole, was counted by 31 OTs and not counted by 8 OTs. A total of 16 OTs would immediately stop the attempt due to skipping holes during Completion, while 13 others would not consider it as a mistake. Due to the wrong order of the hands when making the assemblies, 20 OTs would invalidate the attempt, while 13 others would count it. Conclusion: The questionnaire survey confirmed that the new rules for dealing with specific situations arising during PPT and for their evaluation presented in the Czech extended version of the PPT manual are absolutely necessary for uniform objective testing in clinical practice.

• Keywords
• jemná motorika, standardizovaný test, Purdue Pegboard Test, objektivní hodnocení,
• MeSH
• Occupational Therapy MeSH
• Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Motor Skills * MeSH
• Reference Standards MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Unfortunately, the long-awaited revision of the official anatomical nomenclature, the Terminologia Anatomica 2 (TA2), which was issued in 2019 and after a referendum among the Member Societies officially approved by the General Assembly of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists in 2020, is built on a new version of the Regular Anatomical Terminology (RAT) rules. This breaks with many traditional views of terminology. These changes in the Terminologia Anatomica of 1998 (TA98) met great resistance within many European Anatomical Societies and their members are not willing to use terms following the RAT rules. European anatomy teachers and scientists using traditional Latin in their teaching, textbooks and atlases will keep using the TA98. The German Anatomical Society (Anatomische Gesellschaft) recently announced the usage of the TA2023AG in curricular anatomical media such as textbooks and atlases, based on the TA98 and the Terminologia Neuroanatomica (TNA). We are preparing a more extensive improvement of the TA98, called Terminologia Anatomica Humana (TAH). This project is fully based on the noncontroversial terms of TA98, incorporating the recent digital version (2022) of the TNA from 2017. Further, it is completed with many new terms, including those in TA2, along with their definitions and relevant references, clinical terms, and correcting inconsistencies in the TA98. The TAH is still in process, but many chapters are already freely available at the IFAA Website in Fribourg ( https://ifaa.unifr.ch ) as is the digital version of the TNA.

• MeSH
• Anatomy * education   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuroanatomy education   MeSH
• Terminology as Topic * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: Alternative organism designs (i.e. the existence of distinct combinations of traits leading to the same function or performance) are a widespread phenomenon in nature and are considered an important mechanism driving the evolution and maintenance of species trait diversity. However, alternative designs are rarely considered when investigating assembly rules and species effects on ecosystem functioning, assuming that single trait trade-offs linearly affect species fitness and niche differentiation. SCOPE: Here, we first review the concept of alternative designs, and the empirical evidence in plants indicating the importance of the complex effects of multiple traits on fitness. We then discuss how the potential decoupling of single traits from performance and function of species can compromise our ability to detect the mechanisms responsible for species coexistence and the effects of species on ecosystems. Placing traits in the continuum of organism integration level (i.e. traits hierarchically structured ranging from organ-level traits to whole-organism traits) can help in choosing traits more directly related to performance and function. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that alternative designs have important implications for the resulting trait patterning expected from different assembly processes. For instance, when only single trade-offs are considered, environmental filtering is expected to result in decreased functional diversity. Alternatively, it may result in increased functional diversity as an outcome of alternative strategies providing different solutions to local conditions and thus supporting coexistence. Additionally, alternative designs can result in higher stability of ecosystem functioning as species filtering due to environmental changes would not result in directional changes in (effect) trait values. Assessing the combined effects of multiple plant traits and their implications for plant functioning and functions will improve our mechanistic inferences about the functional significance of community trait patterning.

• MeSH
• Biodiversity MeSH
• Ecosystem * MeSH
• Phenotype MeSH
• Plant Physiological Phenomena MeSH
• Plants * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Allergy and Immunology MeSH
• Immune System MeSH
• Publication type
• Textbook MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NML Fields
• alergologie a imunologie

Microbial heliorhodopsins are a new type of rhodopsins, currently believed to engage in light sensing, with an opposite membrane topology compared to type-1 and type-2 rhodopsins. We determined heliorhodopsins presence/absence is monoderms and diderms representatives from the Tara Oceans and freshwater metagenomes as well as metagenome assembled genome collections. Heliorhodopsins are absent in diderms, confirming our previous observations in cultured Proteobacteria. We do not rule out the possibility that heliorhodopsins serve as light sensors. However, this does not easily explain their absence from diderms. Based on these observations, we speculate on the putative role of heliorhodopsins in light-driven transport of amphiphilic molecules.

• MeSH
• Models, Biological MeSH
• Gram-Negative Bacteria classification   genetics   MeSH
• Metagenome MeSH
• Seawater microbiology   virology   MeSH
• Oceans and Seas MeSH
• Open Reading Frames MeSH
• Sensory Rhodopsins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Fresh Water microbiology   virology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Oceans and Seas MeSH

The community composition of any group of organisms should theoretically be determined by a combination of assembly processes including resource partitioning, competition, environmental filtering, and phylogenetic legacy. Environmental DNA studies have revealed a huge diversity of protists in all environments, raising questions about the ecological significance of such diversity and the degree to which they obey to the same rules as macroscopic organisms. The fast-growing cultivable protist species on which hypotheses are usually experimentally tested represent only a minority of the protist diversity. Addressing these questions for the lesser known majority can only be inferred through observational studies. We conducted an environmental DNA survey of the genus Nebela, a group of closely related testate (shelled) amoeba species, in different habitats within Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. Identification based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene, allowed species-level resolution as well as phylogenetic reconstruction. Community composition varied strongly across habitats and associated environmental gradients. Species showed little overlap in their realized niche, suggesting resource partitioning, and a strong influence of environmental filtering driving community composition. Furthermore, phylogenetic clustering was observed in the most nitrogen-poor samples, supporting phylogenetic inheritance of adaptations in the group of N. guttata. This study showed that the studied free-living unicellular eukaryotes follow to community assembly rules similar to those known to determine plant and animal communities; the same may be true for much of the huge functional and taxonomic diversity of protists.

• MeSH
• Ecology MeSH
• Ecosystem * MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Sphagnopsida * MeSH
• Plants MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate new classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and their major subgroups. METHODS: Candidate variables were assembled from published criteria and expert opinion using consensus methodology. Data were collected from 47 rheumatology, dermatology, neurology, and pediatric clinics worldwide. Several statistical methods were utilized to derive the classification criteria. RESULTS: Based on data from 976 IIM patients (74% adults; 26% children) and 624 non-IIM patients with mimicking conditions (82% adults; 18% children), new criteria were derived. Each item is assigned a weighted score. The total score corresponds to a probability of having IIM. Subclassification is performed using a classification tree. A probability cutoff of 55%, corresponding to a score of 5.5 (6.7 with muscle biopsy) "probable IIM," had best sensitivity/specificity (87%/82% without biopsies, 93%/88% with biopsies) and is recommended as a minimum to classify a patient as having IIM. A probability of ≥90%, corresponding to a score of ≥7.5 (≥8.7 with muscle biopsy), corresponds to "definite IIM." A probability of <50%, corresponding to a score of <5.3 (<6.5 with muscle biopsy), rules out IIM, leaving a probability of ≥50-<55% as "possible IIM." CONCLUSION: The European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) classification criteria for IIM have been endorsed by international rheumatology, dermatology, neurology, and pediatric groups. They employ easily accessible and operationally defined elements, and have been partially validated. They allow classification of "definite," "probable," and "possible" IIM, in addition to the major subgroups of IIM, including juvenile IIM. They generally perform better than existing criteria.

• MeSH
• Biopsy standards   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Consensus MeSH
• Muscle, Skeletal pathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Myositis classification   diagnosis   MeSH
• Rheumatology standards   MeSH
• Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
• Practice Guidelines as Topic * MeSH
• Societies, Medical MeSH
• Symptom Assessment methods   standards   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH
• United States MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate new classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and their major subgroups. METHODS: Candidate variables were assembled from published criteria and expert opinion using consensus methodology. Data were collected from 47 rheumatology, dermatology, neurology and paediatric clinics worldwide. Several statistical methods were used to derive the classification criteria. RESULTS: Based on data from 976 IIM patients (74% adults; 26% children) and 624 non-IIM patients with mimicking conditions (82% adults; 18% children), new criteria were derived. Each item is assigned a weighted score. The total score corresponds to a probability of having IIM. Subclassification is performed using a classification tree. A probability cut-off of 55%, corresponding to a score of 5.5 (6.7 with muscle biopsy) 'probable IIM', had best sensitivity/specificity (87%/82% without biopsies, 93%/88% with biopsies) and is recommended as a minimum to classify a patient as having IIM. A probability of ≥90%, corresponding to a score of ≥7.5 (≥8.7 with muscle biopsy), corresponds to 'definite IIM'. A probability of <50%, corresponding to a score of <5.3 (<6.5 with muscle biopsy), rules out IIM, leaving a probability of ≥50 to <55% as 'possible IIM'. CONCLUSIONS: The European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) classification criteria for IIM have been endorsed by international rheumatology, dermatology, neurology and paediatric groups. They employ easily accessible and operationally defined elements, and have been partially validated. They allow classification of 'definite', 'probable' and 'possible' IIM, in addition to the major subgroups of IIM, including juvenile IIM. They generally perform better than existing criteria.

• MeSH
• Biopsy standards   MeSH
• Diagnosis, Differential MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Consensus MeSH
• Muscle, Skeletal pathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Myositis classification   diagnosis   MeSH
• Probability MeSH
• Reference Values MeSH
• Rheumatology organization & administration   standards   MeSH
• Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
• Societies, Medical organization & administration   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Consensus Development Conference MeSH
• Practice Guideline MeSH
• Validation Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH
• United States MeSH

The known ubiquitous presence of glycans fulfils an essential prerequisite for fundamental roles in cell sociology. Since carbohydrates are chemically predestined to form biochemical messages of a maximum of structural diversity in a minimum of space, coding of biological information by sugars is the reason for the broad occurrence of cellular glycoconjugates. Their glycans originate from sophisticated enzymatic assembly and dynamically adaptable remodelling. These signals are read and translated into effects by receptors (lectins). The functional pairing between lectins and their counterreceptor(s) is highly specific, often orchestrated by intimate co-regulation of the receptor, the cognate glycan and the bioactive scaffold (e.g., an integrin). Bottom-up approaches, teaming up synthetic and supramolecular chemistry to prepare fully programmable nanoparticles as binding partners with systematic network analysis of lectins and rational design of variants, enable us to delineate the rules of the sugar code.

• MeSH
• Lectins metabolism   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Polysaccharides metabolism   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Glucose oxidase (GOX) is a homodimeric glycoprotein with tightly bound one molecule of FAD cofactor per monomer of the protein. GOX has numerous applications, but the preparation of biotechnologically interesting GOX sensors requires a removal of the native FAD cofactor. This process often leads to unwanted irreversible deflavination and, as a consequence, to the low enzyme recovery. Molecular mechanisms of reversible reflavination are poorly understood; our current knowledge is based only on empiric rules, which is clearly insufficient for further development. To develop conceptual understanding of flavin-binding competent states, we studied the effect of deflavination protocols on conformational properties of GOX. After deflavination, the apoform assembles into soluble oligomers with nearly native-like holoform secondary structure but largely destabilized tertiary structure presumambly due to the packing density defects around the vacant flavin binding site. The reflavination is cooperative but not fully efficient; after the binding the flavin cofactor, the protein directly disassembles into native homodimers while the fraction of oligomers remains irreversibly inactivated. Importantly, the effect of Hofmeister salts on the conformational properties of GOX and reflavination efficiency indicates that the native-like residual tertiary structure in the molten-globule states favorably supports the reflavination and minimizes the inactivated oligomers. We interpret our results by combining the ligand-induced changes in quaternary structure with salt-sensitive, non-equilibrated conformational selection model. In summary, our work provides the very first steps toward molecular understanding the complexity of the GOX reflavination mechanism.

• MeSH
• Aspergillus niger enzymology   MeSH
• Biocatalysis MeSH
• Circular Dichroism MeSH
• Calorimetry, Differential Scanning MeSH
• Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Glucose Oxidase chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Protein Multimerization MeSH
• Protein Isoforms chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Protein Structure, Secondary MeSH
• Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet MeSH
• Protein Stability MeSH
• Temperature MeSH
• Protein Structure, Tertiary MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH