PD se na našem pracovišti stala zavedenou metodou očišťování krve při léčbě chronického selhání ledvin (CHSL). Od ledna 1992 do srpna 2001 jsme PD léčili 129 nemocných průměrného věku 54,2 (18-84) let, z nichž 49 (38 %) bylo diabetiků. Průměrná doba léčení PD byla 24,2 (3-116) měsíců. Celková kumulativní zkušenost našeho pracoviště s PD obnáší 3188 pacientských měsíců. U 97 nemocných byla PD první metodou náhrady funkce ledvin, 29 nemocných bylo na PD převedeno z HD, 4 po ztrátě funkce transplantované ledviny. V optimálním případě PD poskytujeme nemocným, kteří ji preferují a nemají pro ni KI. Cílem prezentované studie je podat informaci o nemocných, kteří nemohli být transplantováni ani hemodialyzováni a pro které se PD stala jediným možným východiskem, i když k jejímu provádění byly přítomny obecně přijímané relativní KI. Soubor nemocných a výsledky: Devět nemocných splňovalo kritéria studie. U všech byla hemodialýza neproveditelná pro vyčerpání cévního přístupu a transplantace pro závažná přidružená onemocnění. Relativní KI k PD byly vždy po dvou případech závažné psychosociální problémy, porucha motoriky, amputační ztráty horních končetin, ztráta zraku a u 1 nemocné morbidní obezita s opakovanými úniky dialyzátu. Šest z těchto nemocných zemřelo průměrně za 33 měsíce (12-54) při fungující PD z důvodů, které nesouvisely s prováděním léčebné metody. Dva nemocní jsou dosud léčeni PD (12, resp. 3 měsíce). U jedné nemocné se po 15 měsících terapie PD obnovila možnost léčení HD. Závěr: PD se může uplatnit jako život zachraňující metoda náhrady funkce ledvin u nemocných, kteří nemohou být hemodialyzováni nebo transplantováni, přestože vykazují pro PD relativní KI. Domníváme se, že dostatečná zkušenost pracoviště s PD je předpokladem pro léčbu nemocných s relativními KI.

• MeSH
• Renal Dialysis contraindications   MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Peritoneal Dialysis utilization   MeSH
• Kidney Transplantation contraindications   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Congress MeSH

Sandwich ELISA-based methods use Abs that target the expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tract to quantify mutant huntingtin (mHTT). Using Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay, the mHTT signal detected with MW1 Ab correlated with polyQ length and doubled with a difference of only 7 glutamine residues between equivalent amounts of purified mHTTexon1 proteins. Similar polyQ length-dependent effects on MSD signals were confirmed using endogenous full length mHTT from brains of Huntington's disease (HD) knock-in (KI) mice. We used this avidity bias to devise a method to assess average CAG repeat instability at the protein level in a mixed population of HTT proteins present in tissues. Signal detected for average polyQ length quantification at the protein level by our method exhibited a strong correlation with average CAG repeat length at the genomic DNA level determined by PCR method in striatal tissue homogenates from HdhQ140 KI mice and in human HD postmortem cortex. This work establishes that CAG repeat instability in mutant HTT is reflected at the protein level.

• MeSH
• DNA genetics   MeSH
• Exons genetics   MeSH
• Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion genetics   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mice, Inbred C57BL MeSH
• Mice, Transgenic MeSH
• Peptides genetics   MeSH
• Huntingtin Protein chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Antibodies metabolism   MeSH
• Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Dysarthria, a motor speech disorder caused by muscle weakness or paralysis, severely impacts speech intelligibility and quality of life. The condition is prevalent in motor speech disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), atypical parkinsonism such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Improving intelligibility is not only an outcome that matters to patients but can also play a critical role as an endpoint in clinical research and drug development. This study validates a digital measure for speech intelligibility, the ki: SB-M intelligibility score, across various motor speech disorders and languages following the Digital Medicine Society (DiMe) V3 framework. METHODS: The study used four datasets: healthy controls (HCs) and patients with PD, HD, PSP, and ALS from Czech, Colombian, and German populations. Participants' speech intelligibility was assessed using the ki: SB-M intelligibility score, which is derived from automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Verification with inter-ASR reliability and temporal consistency, analytical validation with correlations to gold standard clinical dysarthria scores in each disease, and clinical validation with group comparisons between HCs and patients were performed. RESULTS: Verification showed good to excellent inter-rater reliability between ASR systems and fair to good consistency. Analytical validation revealed significant correlations between the SB-M intelligibility score and established clinical measures for speech impairments across all patient groups and languages. Clinical validation demonstrated significant differences in intelligibility scores between pathological groups and healthy controls, indicating the measure's discriminative capability. DISCUSSION: The ki: SB-M intelligibility score is a reliable, valid, and clinically relevant tool for assessing speech intelligibility in motor speech disorders. It holds promise for improving clinical trials through automated, objective, and scalable assessments. Future studies should explore its utility in monitoring disease progression and therapeutic efficacy as well as add data from further dysarthrias to the validation.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• MeSH
• Hospital Administration MeSH
• Military Medicine MeSH
• Hospitals, Military MeSH

• Conspectus
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NML Fields
• vojenské lékařství
• management, organizace a řízení zdravotnictví

Historik a novinář Peter Vronsky se snaží pochopit, jak nové poznatky o povaze člověka a sklonů k násilí zapadají do lidské historie sahající až do pravěku, což je podle něj klíčem k pochopení podstaty chování sériového vraha.

Tato kazuistika popisuje neobvyklý případ agresivní formy histiocytózy z Langerhansových buněk (LCH) u jinak zdravého 35letého muže, která zpočátku probíhala pod obrazem lymfomu s vyjádřenými B symptomy (noční poty, febrilie, hubnutí) a generalizovanou periferní lymfadenopatií. Přítomen byl rovněž produktivní kašel a svědění kůže v oblasti konečníku. Diagnóza byla stanovena z biopsie lymfatické uzliny a kůže perianální oblasti. Typickým nálezem na HRCT (zobrazení výpočetní tomografií s vysokým rozlišením) bylo dále potvrzeno plicní postižení, jehož postupný vývoj z počátečního floridního stadia charakterizovaného diseminovanými nodularitami až po konečnou fázi s poklesem aktivity a rozvojem cystických formací se nám sérií několika HRCT a PET/ CT skenů podařilo zdokumentovat. Po sběru periferních kmenových buněk byla u pacienta zahájena plánovaná léčba, která sestávala celkem ze 3 cyklů monoterapie s kladribinem, následovaná 3 cykly kombinované chemoterapie (kladribin + cyklofosfamid + metylprednisolon) a doplněná o kurativní radioterapii perianální oblasti. Tato léčba uvedla onemocnění do kompletní remise. Za 2 měsíce se však znovu objevily původní B příznaky, plicní symptomatologie, perianální pruritus a nově i bolesti kyčlí. Předpokládaný relaps LCH byl histologicky ověřen biopsií lymfatické uzliny a potvrzen na restagingovém PET/ CT vyšetření, které rovněž ukázalo diseminaci onemocnění do kyčelních kostí. Jednalo se tedy o agresivní, časně relabující onemocnění indikované k podání 4 cyklů záchranného režimu CHOEP (cyklofosfamid + doxorubicin + vinkristin + etoposid + prednison), které byly v březnu roku 2010 zakončeny autologní transplantací periferních kmenových buněk po přípravě vysokodávkovou chemoterapií HD BEAM (karmustin + etoposid + cytarabin + melfalan). Generalizované postižení uzlin tedy nemusí být vždy jen maligní lymfom či metastatický rozsev tumoru, ale může se jednat i o LCH. Pokud jsou přítomny B symptomy, znamená to velmi pravděpodobně agresivní průběh. Histologické hodnocení proliferační charakteristiky (dané imunohistochemicky proliferačním markerem Ki? 67 i morfologicky počtem mitóz) může upozornit na agresivní formu této nemoci. Léčba kladribinem (2-chlorodeoxyadenosinem), která se osvědčuje u klasických forem LCH, však nemusí mít v případě vysoce agresivní formy LCH stejný účinek jako u LCH s nízkou proliferační aktivitou, což je v souladu s dosavadními zkušenostmi s léčbou indolentních a vysoce agresivních lymfomů. Hybridní PET/ CT zobrazení prokázalo v naší studii vysokou citlivost při hodnocení aktivity onemocnění včetně jejího časného relapsu. V této práci představujeme novou metodiku popisu a hodnocení difuzně zvýšené metabolické aktivity plicního parenchymu pomocí PET/ CT vyšetření a využití této metodiky v rámci sledování léčebné odpovědi.

The case report given here describes an unusual case of a 35‑year-old otherwise healthy male diagnosed with aggressive form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis initially taking course under the form of lymphoma with expressed B symptoms (night sweats, fever and weight loss) and generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy. Also present were productive cough and perianal itching. The diagnosis was determined from lymph node and perianal skin biopsies. Furthermore, by a typical finding on HRCT (high‑resolution computed tomography), pulmonary involvement was confirmed the gradual development of which we succeeded to document through a series of several HRCT and PET/ CT scans from its initial florid phase characterized by disseminated nodularities up to the terminal phase with the decline of activity and development of cystic formations. After the collection of peripheral blood stem cells, the planned patient’s therapy started which in all consisted of three monotherapy cycles with cladribine followed by three cycles of combined chemotherapy (cladribine + cyclophosphamide + methylprednisolone) and complemented with curative radiotherapy of the perianal area. This treatment put the disease into complete remission. However, in two months the initial B‑ symptoms occurred again, along with the pulmonary symptomatology, perianal pruritus and newly also hip bone pains. The suspected LCH relapse was proved histologically by lymph node biopsy and confirmed at a restaging PET/ CT examination which also showed disease dissemination into the hip bones. Consequently, an aggressive form of the disease with early relapse had been the case, which was indicated for administering 4 cycles of CHOEP (cyclophosphamide + doxorubicin + vincristine + etoposide + prednisone) as salvage regimen completed in March 2010 with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation after high‑dose BEAM (carmustine + etoposide + cytarabine + melphalan) chemotherapy. Thus, the generalized involvement of nodes doesn’t always need to be malignant lymphoma or metastatic dissemination of a tumour but also LCH may be the case. The presence of B symptoms may very likely stand for an aggressive form of the disease course. Histological evaluation of the proliferative characteristic (given by Ki‑ 67 immunohistochemical proliferative index marker and also morphologically by the number of mitosis) may draw attention to an aggressive form of this disease. However, therapy with cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) which proves beneficial in classic forms of LCH, in cases of highly aggressive forms of LCH doesn’t need to have the same effect as in LCH with low proliferative activity, which conforms to the present experience in the treatment of indolent and aggressive lymphomas. In our study, the hybrid PET/ CT imaging proved high sensitivity in evaluating the activity of the disease, including its early relapse. We are presenting here a new method for description and evaluation of diffuse increased activity of pulmonary parenchyma by means of PET/ CT examination and for using this method within the framework of monitoring the curative response.

• Keywords
• 2-chlorodeoxyadenosin, HRCT, B příznaky,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell MeSH
• Cladribine MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lymphadenopathy MeSH
• Lymph Nodes pathology   MeSH
• Lymphoma diagnosis   radiography   MeSH
• Pelvic Bones radiography   MeSH
• Lung radiography   MeSH
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed MeSH
• Positron-Emission Tomography MeSH
• Recurrence MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs.

• MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Retinoblastoma economics   epidemiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

• MeSH
• Autophagy * physiology   MeSH
• Autophagosomes MeSH
• Biomarkers MeSH
• Biological Assay standards   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lysosomes MeSH
• Autophagy-Related Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Guideline MeSH