Genotoxic compounds, as common contaminants of the air environment, are of interest in air pollution monitoring. There are several methods to determine the level of these contaminants in different localities, many of which may be difficult to access with the use of conventional active and passive samplers. In the present study, the needles Pinus mugo Turra and Picea abies were used to monitor sampling localities in Austria, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. Needles were extracted and chemical analysis and the genotoxicity bioassay SOS chromotest were used to obtain complex information about the chemical mixture of pollutants present and their genotoxic effects. The SOS chromotest method was optimized by using a CPRG chromogenic substrate to reduce the false positive genotoxic effect of needle extracts. Pinus mugo Turra and Picea abies were identified as suitable passive sampling matrices for long-term air monitoring using the same plants sampled at the same time. The presented study brings an innovative method for the fast screening and identification of localities loaded by genotoxic active air contaminants.

• MeSH
• borovice chemie   genetika   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• poškození DNA genetika   MeSH
• smrk chemie   genetika   MeSH
• testy genotoxicity metody   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Rakousko MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is a widely used UV filter present in a large number of personal care products (PCPs). Under normal conditions, EHMC occurs in a mixture of two isomers: trans-EHMC and cis-EHMC in a ratio of 99:1. When exposed to sunlight, the trans isomer is transformed to the less stable cis isomer and the efficiency of the UV filter is reduced. To date, the toxicological effects of the cis-EHMC isomer remain largely unknown. We developed a completely new method for preparing cis-EHMC. An EHMC technical mixture was irradiated using a UV lamp and 98% pure cis-EHMC was isolated from the irradiated solution using column chromatography. The genotoxic effects of the isolated cis-EHMC isomer and the nonirradiated trans-EHMC were subsequently measured using two bioassays (SOS chromotest and UmuC test). In the case of trans-EHMC, significant genotoxicity was observed using both bioassays at the highest concentrations (0.5 - 4 mg mL(-1) ). In the case of cis-EHMC, significant genotoxicity was only detected using the UmuC test at concentrations of 0.25 - 1 mg mL(-1) . Based on these results, the NOEC was calculated for both cis- and trans-EHMC, 0.038 and 0.064 mg mL(-1) , respectively. Risk assessment of dermal, oral and inhalation exposure to PCPs containing EHMC was carried out for a female population using probabilistic simulation and by using Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). The risk of cis-EHMC was found to be ∼1.7 times greater than trans-EHMC. In the case of cis-EHMC, a hazard index of 1 was exceeded in the 92nd percentile. Based on the observed differences between the isomers, EHMC application in PCPs requires detailed reassessment. Further exploration of the toxicological effects and properties of cis-EHMC is needed in order to correctly predict risks posed to humans and the environment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 569-580, 2017.

• MeSH
• chromatografie plynová MeSH
• cinnamáty chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• isomerie MeSH
• kosmetické přípravky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přípravky chránící proti slunci chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• testy genotoxicity MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Organic friction materials are standardly used in brakes of small planes, railroad vehicles, trucks and passenger cars. The growing transportation sector requires a better understanding of the negative impact related to the release of potentially hazardous materials into the environment. This includes brakes which can release enormous quantities of wear particulates. This paper addresses in vitro detection of toxic and mutagenic potency of one model and two commercially available low-metallic automotive brake pads used in passenger cars sold in the EU market. The model pad made in the laboratory was also subjected to a standardized brake dynamometer test and the generated non-airborne wear particles were also investigated. Qualitative "organic composition" was determined by GC/MS screening of dichloromethane extracts. Acute toxicity and mutagenicity of four investigated sample types were assessed in vitro by bioluminescence assay using marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and by two bacterial bioassays i) Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium His(-) and ii) SOS Chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 strain. Screening of organic composition revealed a high variety of organic compounds present in the initial brake pads and also in the generated non-airborne wear debris. Several detected compounds are classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans, e. g. benzene derivatives. Acute toxicity bioassay revealed a response of bacterial cells after exposure to all samples used. Phenolic resin and wear debris were found to be acutely toxic; however in term of mutagenicity the response was negative. All non-friction exposed brake pad samples (a model pad and two commercial pad samples) were mutagenic with metabolic activation in vitro.

• MeSH
• automobily MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• fenoly toxicita   MeSH
• formaldehyd toxicita   MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH
• kovy chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• mutageny MeSH
• organické látky chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• pevné částice toxicita   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• polymery toxicita   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• testy genotoxicity MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• SOS Chromotest, Ames test,
• MeSH
• Escherichia coli K12 genetika   MeSH
• karcinogeny životního prostředí toxicita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * metody   normy   MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• pevné částice škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• poškození DNA MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium genetika   MeSH
• testy genotoxicity * MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * analýza   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí prevence a kontrola   statistika a číselné údaje   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The paper deals with a possible use of the bacterial detection system of SOS chromotest to test mutagenicity of waste dump water checking the mutagenicity degree on real samples from Praksice waste dump, which is a controlled waste dump with mixed industrial, municipal and inert wastes. The waste dump surface water samples were taken from a no-name influent stream springing below the waste dump body between 2005 and 2009. After metabolic activation by microsomal fraction in vitro, medium to high mutagenicity was registered in all the samples. The SOS chromotest is assessed as an effective and economically acceptable method to check and determine the mutagenicity degree of contaminated water.

• MeSH
• Escherichia coli K12 účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• mutageny toxicita   MeSH
• nebezpečný odpad škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• SOS odpověď (genetika) MeSH
• testy genotoxicity metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of widely used veterinary antimicrobials oxytetracycline and flumequine was studied with six model organisms (Vibrio fischeri, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Lemna minor, Daphnia magna, Escherichia coli). Overall median effective concentration (EC50) values ranged from 0.22 mg/L to 86 mg/L. Pseudomonas putida was the most sensitive organism (EC50 values for 16-h growth inhibition were 0.22 and 0.82 mg/L for oxytetracycline and flumequine, respectively), followed by duckweed Lemna minor (7-d growth inhibition, EC50 2.1 and 3.0 mg/L) and green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (4-d growth inhibition, EC50 3.1 and 2.6 mg/L). The least sensitive organism was Daphnia magna (48-h immobilization, lowest-observed-effect concentration [LOEC] of oxytetracycline of 400 mg/L). Oxytetracycline showed limited genotoxicity (SOS-chromotest with Escherichia coli, minimal genotoxic concentration of 500 mg/L), and flumequine was genotoxic at 0.25 mg/L. Based on the reported measured concentrations (MECs) and predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs), oxytetracycline may be concluded to be of ecotoxicological concern (calculated risk quotient = 8), whereas flumequine seems to represent lower risk.

• MeSH
• Aliivibrio fischeri účinky léků   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky toxicita   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• Chlorophyta MeSH
• Daphnia účinky léků   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   MeSH
• fluorochinolony toxicita   MeSH
• mutageny toxicita   MeSH
• oxytetracyklin toxicita   MeSH
• Pseudomonas putida účinky léků   MeSH
• vodní hospodářství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

River sediments are a dynamic system, especially in areas where floods occur frequently. In the present study, an integrative approach is used to investigate the seasonal and spatial dynamics of contamination of sediments from a regularly flooded industrial area in the Czech Republic, which presents a suitable model ecosystem for pollutant distribution research at a regional level. Surface sediments were sampled repeatedly to represent two different hydrological situations: spring (after the peak of high flow) and autumn (after longer period of low flow). Samples were characterized for abiotic parameters and concentrations of priority organic pollutants. Toxicity was assessed by Microtox test; genotoxicity by SOS-chromotest and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-yeast test; and the presence of compounds with specific mode of action by in vitro bioassays for dioxin-like activity, anti-/androgenicity, and anti-/estrogenicity. Distribution of organic contaminants varied among regions and seasonally. Although the results of Microtox and genotoxicity tests were relatively inconclusive, all other specific bioassays led to statistically significant regional and seasonal differences in profiles and allowed clear separation of upstream and downstream regions. The outcomes of these bioassays indicated an association with concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as master variables. There were significant interrelations among dioxin-like activity, antiandrogenicity and content of organic carbon, clay, and concentration of PAHs and PCBs, which documents the significance of abiotic factors in accumulation of pollutants. The study demonstrates the strength of the specific bioassays in indicating the changes in contamination and emphasizes the crucial role of a well-designed sampling plan, in which both spatial and temporal dynamics should be taken into account, for the correct interpretations of information in risk assessments.

• MeSH
• Aliivibrio fischeri účinky léků   MeSH
• biotest MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• geologické sedimenty analýza   MeSH
• organické látky analýza   MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly analýza   MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The fate and effects of cytostatic (anticancer or antineoplastic) pharmaceuticals in the environment are largely unknown, but they can contaminate wastewater treatment effluents and consequently aquatic ecosystems. In this paper, we have focused on five cytostatic compounds used in high amounts (cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and etoposide), and we have investigated their ecotoxicity in bacterial Pseudomonas putida growth-inhibition test, algal Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth-inhibition test, and Dapnia magna acute immobilization test. Genotoxicity also was assessed with Escherichia coli SOS-chromotest (with and without metabolic activation) and the GreenScreen Assay using yeast S. cerevisiae. All tested compounds showed significant effects in most of the assays with lowest-observed-effect concentrations and concentrations causing 50% effects (EC50s) values ranging within microg/L to mg/L. The most toxic compound was 5-fluorouracil in the assays with P. putida (EC50 = 0.027 mg/L) and P. subcapitata (EC50 = 0.11 mg/L), although cisplatin and doxorubicin were the most toxic to D. magna (EC50 = 0.64 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively). These two chemicals were also the most genotoxic in the SOS-chromotest (minimum genotoxic concentrations [MGC] = 0.07-0.2 mg/L), and 5-fluorouracil was the most genotoxic in the eukaryotic yeast assay (MGC = 0.02 mg/L). Our investigation seems to indicate generally lower risks of acute effects at concentrations expected in the environment. However, some effective concentrations were relatively low and chronic toxicity of cytostatics (and/or their transformation products), as well as specific sources of human pharmaceuticals such as hospital effluents, require research attention.

• MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch toxicita   MeSH
• protinádorové látky toxicita   MeSH
• testy genotoxicity MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• alkalická fosfatasa biosyntéza   fyziologie   MeSH
• beta-galaktosidasa biosyntéza   fyziologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• kolorimetrie metody   MeSH
• laboratoře metody   normy   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• oprava DNA MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• testy genotoxicity MeSH
• Publikační typ
• směrnice MeSH

• Konspekt
• Životní prostředí a jeho ochrana
• NLK Obory
• environmentální vědy