• Klíčová slova
• teorie multimediálního uživatelského rozhraní,
• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• filozofie MeSH
• fyzika metody   trendy   MeSH
• kognitivní věda metody   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metafyzické vztahy mezi duší a tělem fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• nervové receptory fyziologie   MeSH
• percepce fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• planetární evoluce MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• sebepojetí * MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• teorie mysli * fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• vědomí * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Cnidaria is the earliest-branching metazoan phylum containing a well-developed, lens-containing visual system located on specialized sensory structures called rhopalia. Each rhopalium in a cubozoan jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora has a large and a small complex, camera-type eye with a cellular lens containing distinct families of crystallins. Here, we have characterized J2-crystallin and its gene in T. cystophora. The J2-crystallin gene is composed of a single exon and encodes a 157-amino acid cytoplasmic protein with no apparent homology to known proteins from other species. The non-lens expression of J2-crystallin suggests nonoptical as well as crystallin functions consistent with the gene-sharing strategy that has been used during evolution of lens crystallins in other invertebrates and vertebrates. Although nonfunctional in transfected mammalian lens cells, the J2-crystallin promoter is activated by the jellyfish paired domain transcription factor PaxB in co-transfection tests via binding to three paired domain sites. PaxB paired domain-binding sites were also identified in the PaxB-regulated promoters of the J1A- and J1B-crystallin genes, which are not homologous to the J2-crystallin gene. Taken together with previous studies on the regulation of the diverse crystallin genes, the present report strongly supports the idea that crystallin recruitment of multifunctional proteins was driven by convergent changes involving Pax (as well as other transcription factors) in the promoters of nonhomologous genes within and between species as well as within gene families.

• MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
• COS buňky MeSH
• Cubozoa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• cytoplazma metabolismus   MeSH
• exony MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• klonování DNA MeSH
• krystaliny genetika   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• oční čočka metabolismus   MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• transkripční faktory paired box genetika   metabolismus   metabolismus   MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

In deep-water animals, the visual sensory system is often challenged by the dim-light environment. Here, we focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in rapid deep-water adaptations. We examined visual system evolution in a small-scale yet phenotypically and ecologically diverse adaptive radiation, the species flock of cichlid fishes in deep crater lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon, West Africa. We show that rapid adaptations of the visual system to the novel deep-water habitat primarily occurred at the level of gene expression changes rather than through nucleotide mutations, which is compatible with the young age of the radiation. Based on retinal bulk RNA sequencing of all eleven species, we found that the opsin gene expression pattern was substantially different for the deep-water species. The nine shallow-water species feature an opsin palette dominated by the red-sensitive (LWS) opsin, whereas the two unrelated deep-water species lack expression of LWS and the violet-sensitive (SWS2B) opsin, thereby shifting the cone sensitivity to the centre of the light spectrum. Deep-water species further predominantly express the green-sensitive RH2Aα over RH2Aβ. We identified one amino acid substitution in the RH2Aα opsin specific to the deep-water species. We finally performed a comparative gene expression analysis in retinal tissue of deep- vs. shallow-water species. We thus identified 46 differentially expressed genes, many of which are associated with functions in vision, hypoxia management or circadian clock regulation, with some of them being associated with human eye diseases.

• MeSH
• cichlidy genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• čípky retiny - opsiny genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• jezera MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• regulace genové exprese genetika   MeSH
• retina metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• zrak genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kamerun MeSH

The bacterial origin of mitochondria has been a widely accepted as an event that occurred about 1.45 billion years ago and endowed cells with internal energy producing organelle. Thus, mitochondria have traditionally been viewed as subcellular organelle as any other - fully functionally dependent on the cell it is a part of. However, recent studies have given us evidence that mitochondria are more functionally independent than other organelles, as they can function outside the cells, engage in complex "social" interactions, and communicate with each other as well as other cellular components, bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, mitochondria move, assemble and organize upon sensing different environmental cues, using a process akin to bacterial quorum sensing. Therefore, taking all these lines of evidence into account we hypothesize that mitochondria need to be viewed and studied from a perspective of a more functionally independent entity. This view of mitochondria may lead to new insights into their biological function, and inform new strategies for treatment of disease associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondrie * MeSH
• quorum sensing MeSH
• virion MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Evoluce lidského jazyka je předmětem sporů. Hauserova-Fitchova-Chomského hypotéza rozlišuje jazykovou vlohu v širokém slova smyslu, zahrnující senzoricko-motorický systém a systém pojmů a záměrů a jazykovou vlohu v úzkém slova smyslu, ta je výpočetním systémem rekurze a má být jedinou výlučně lidskou složkou jazyka. Hypotéza je předmětem rozsáhlé kritiky, například proto, že nezohledňuje ne-rekurzivní aspekty gramatiky, neodpovídá anatomii a neuronální kontrole lidského vokálního traktu. Arbibova-Rizzolatiho hypotéza vychází z objevu systému zrcadlových neuronů a formuluje řadu domněnek o proměnách jak uvnitř tohoto systému, tak mimo něj, jejichž výsledkem je „mozek připravený pro jazyk“. Christiansenova-Chaterova hypotéza dokazuje, že jazyk je utvářen mozkem, nikoli naopak, univerzální gramatika podle ní neexistuje.

The evolution of human language is a matter of controversy. Hauser-Fitch-Chomsky's hypothesis distinguishes between faculty of language in the broad sense, which includes sensory-motor system and conceptual-intentional system, and faculty of language in the narrow sense (FLN), which is a computational system for recursion. FLN should be the only unique human component of the faculty of language. This hypothesis is subject to much criticism: it ignores non-recursive aspects of grammar, is inconsistent with the anatomy and neural control of the human vocal tract e.g. Arbib-Rizzolati's hypothesis starts with the “mirror system” and offers hypotheses on evolutionary changes within and outside the mirror system which may have equipped our ancestors with a language-ready brain. Christiansen – Chater's hypothesis states that a language is shaped by the brain, biologically determined universal grammar is not evolutionary viable: the language has been shared to fit the brain, rather than vice versa.

• Klíčová slova
• Christiansenova-Chaterova hypotéza, Hauserova-Fitchova-Chomského hypotéza, Rizzolatiho-Arbibova hypotéza,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• jazykové poruchy diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• komunikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely neurologické MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Lidská řeč je jedním z nejdokonalejších prostředků lidské komunikace, dorozumívání. Komplexní rozvíjení řečových schopností je důležitým předpokladem fungování jedince v rámci daného společenského systému a také předpokladem sociální vzdělanosti, orientace a gramotnosti. Lidská společnost je závislá na sluchovém vnímání. Uvádí se, že akustickým kanálem člověk získává až 65 % informací o okolním světě. Sluchové vnímání je jeden ze základních poznávacích (kognitivních) procesů, který je navázán na další procesy, které v konečném důsledku souvisejí s těmi nejvyššími, myšlením a řečí. Sluchové postižení člověka ochuzuje nejen o svět zvuků, navíc jej vyřazuje ze sítě mezilidské komunikace. Právě nemožnost domluvit se představuje nejzávažnější aspekt tohoto smyslového postižení. Příspěvek se zabývá produkcí řeči u prelingválně neslyšícího dítěte, kterému byl voperován kochleární implantát (dále CI). Cílem práce bylo porovnat produkci řeči tří skupin dětí: a) těžce sluchově postižených dětí s CI, b) sluchově postižených dětí, které ke korekci sluchu používají sluchadla, c) slyšících vrstevníků (experimentální či intaktní skupina). Jazyková úroveň dětí byla zjišťována pomocí Heidelberského testu vývoje řeči (dále H-S-E-T). Výsledky práce ukázaly, že kochleární implantát představuje určitou prognózu nápravy a že kochleární implantace s následnou rehabilitací umožňuje neslyšícím vstup do normálního světa zvuků a komunikaci se slyšícími.

The human speech is one of the most perfect means of the human communication. The complex development of the speech capacity is an important assumption for functioning of individuals within the framework of the given social system and also assumption for the social education orientation and literacy. The human society is dependent on the hearing perception. It is considered that man acquires as much as 65% of information about the surrounding world through the acoustic channel. Auditory perception is one of principal cognitive processes, which is associated with further processes, which are in the final consequences associated with the highest forms – thinking and speech. Hearing involvement deprives people not only of the world of sounds, but it also eliminates them from the network of inter-individual communication. Just the impossibility of communication is the most important aspect of this sensory involvement. The contribution deals with the production of the speech in pre-lingually deaf children, who were surgically provided with cochlear implantate (henceforth CI). The target of the work was to compare the production of the speech in three groups of children: a) children with severe auditory involvements with the CI b) children with auditory involvements who use audiphones to correct their hearing c) children of the same age without hearing involvements (experimental or intact group). The language level of children was determined with the help of the Heidelberg speech evolution test (henceforth H-S-E-T). The result of the work demonstrated the fact that the cochlear implantate offers a certain prognosis of the correction and the cochlear implantation with subsequent rehabilitation makes the deaf children possible to enter the normal world of sounds and to communicate with hearing individuals.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hluchota komplikace   psychologie   MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• kochleární implantáty statistika a číselné údaje   využití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• vývoj řeči MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

Plants and fungi use light and other signals to regulate development, growth, and metabolism. The fruiting bodies of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus are single cells that react to environmental cues, including light, but the mechanisms are largely unknown [1]. The related fungus Mucor circinelloides is an opportunistic human pathogen that changes its mode of growth upon receipt of signals from the environment to facilitate pathogenesis [2]. Understanding how these organisms respond to environmental cues should provide insights into the mechanisms of sensory perception and signal transduction by a single eukaryotic cell, and their role in pathogenesis. We sequenced the genomes of P. blakesleeanus and M. circinelloides and show that they have been shaped by an extensive genome duplication or, most likely, a whole-genome duplication (WGD), which is rarely observed in fungi [3-6]. We show that the genome duplication has expanded gene families, including those involved in signal transduction, and that duplicated genes have specialized, as evidenced by differences in their regulation by light. The transcriptional response to light varies with the developmental stage and is still observed in a photoreceptor mutant of P. blakesleeanus. A phototropic mutant of P. blakesleeanus with a heterozygous mutation in the photoreceptor gene madA demonstrates that photosensor dosage is important for the magnitude of signal transduction. We conclude that the genome duplication provided the means to improve signal transduction for enhanced perception of environmental signals. Our results will help to understand the role of genome dynamics in the evolution of sensory perception in eukaryotes.

• MeSH
• duplikace genu * MeSH
• genetická transkripce účinky záření   MeSH
• genom fungální * MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• Mucor genetika   účinky záření   MeSH
• multigenová rodina MeSH
• percepce MeSH
• Phycomyces genetika   účinky záření   MeSH
• signální transdukce genetika   MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• aminobutyráty farmakologie   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• elektrická stimulace MeSH
• evokované potenciály MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mozková kůra fyziologie   MeSH
• nervové receptory MeSH
• nervový přenos MeSH
• nervus olfactorius fyziologie   MeSH
• nervus opticus fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony aferentní fyziologie   MeSH
• záchvaty chemicky indukované   MeSH
• želvy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

Sauropterygia, a successful clade of marine reptiles abundant in aquatic ecosystems of the Mesozoic, inhabited nearshore to pelagic habitats over >180 million years of evolutionary history [1]. Aquatic vertebrates experience strong buoyancy forces that allow movement in a three-dimensional environment, resulting in structural convergences such as flippers and fish-like bauplans [2, 3], as well as convergences in the sensory systems. We used computed tomographic scans of 19 sauropterygian species to determine how the transition to pelagic lifestyles influenced the evolution of the endosseous labyrinth, which houses the vestibular sensory organ of balance and orientation [4]. Semicircular canal geometries underwent distinct changes during the transition from nearshore Triassic sauropterygians to the later, pelagic plesiosaurs. Triassic sauropterygians have dorsoventrally compact, anteroposteriorly elongate labyrinths, resembling those of crocodylians. In contrast, plesiosaurs have compact, bulbous labyrinths, sharing some features with those of sea turtles. Differences in relative labyrinth size among sauropterygians correspond to locomotory differences: bottom-walking [5, 6] placodonts have proportionally larger labyrinths than actively swimming taxa (i.e., all other sauropterygians). Furthermore, independent evolutionary origins of short-necked, large-headed "pliosauromorph" body proportions among plesiosaurs coincide with reductions of labyrinth size, paralleling the evolutionary history of cetaceans [7]. Sauropterygian labyrinth evolution is therefore correlated closely with both locomotory style and body proportions, and these changes are consistent with isolated observations made previously in other marine tetrapods. Our study presents the first virtual reconstructions of plesiosaur endosseous labyrinths and the first large-scale, quantitative study detailing the effects of increasingly aquatic lifestyles on labyrinth morphology among marine reptiles.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• plavání MeSH
• plazi anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• vnitřní ucho anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zkameněliny anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• vědomí MeSH
• vůle MeSH

• Konspekt
• Psychologie
• NLK Obory
• psychologie, klinická psychologie