In comparing long-bone cross-sectional geometric properties between individuals, percentages of bone length are often used to identify equivalent locations along the diaphysis. In fragmentary specimens where bone lengths cannot be measured, however, these locations must be estimated more indirectly. In this study, we examine the effect of inaccurately located femoral and tibial midshafts on estimation of geometric properties. The error ranges were compared on 30 femora and tibiae from the Eneolithic and Bronze Age. Cross-sections were obtained at each 1% interval from 60 to 40% of length using CT scans. Five percent of deviation from midshaft properties was used as the maximum acceptable error. Reliability was expressed by mean percentage differences, standard deviation of percentage differences, mean percentage absolute differences, limits of agreement, and mean accuracy range (MAR) (range within which mean deviation from true midshaft values was less than 5%). On average, tibial cortical area and femoral second moments of area are the least sensitive to positioning error, with mean accuracy ranges wide enough for practical application in fragmentary specimens (MAR = 40-130 mm). In contrast, tibial second moments of area are the most sensitive to error in midshaft location (MAR = 14-20 mm). Individuals present significant variation in morphology and thus in error ranges for different properties. For highly damaged fossil femora and tibiae we recommend carrying out additional tests to better establish specific errors associated with uncertain length estimates.

• MeSH
• anatomie průřezová metody   MeSH
• antropologie fyzická metody   MeSH
• antropometrie metody   MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• femur anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• tibie anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• zkameněliny MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Traces of particulate radioactive iodine (131I) were detected in the European atmosphere in January/February 2017. Concentrations of this nuclear fission product were very low, ranging 0.1 to 10 μBq m-3 except at one location in western Russia where they reached up to several mBq m-3. Detections have been reported continuously over an 8-week period by about 30 monitoring stations. We examine possible emission source apportionments and rank them considering their expected contribution in terms of orders of magnitude from typical routine releases: radiopharmaceutical production units > sewage sludge incinerators > nuclear power plants > spontaneous fission of uranium in soil. Inverse modeling simulations indicate that the widespread detections of 131I resulted from the combination of multiple source releases. Among them, those from radiopharmaceutical production units remain the most likely. One of them is located in Western Russia and its estimated source term complies with authorized limits. Other existing sources related to 131I use (medical purposes or sewage sludge incineration) can explain detections on a rather local scale. As an enhancing factor, the prevailing wintertime meteorological situations marked by strong temperature inversions led to poor dispersion conditions that resulted in higher concentrations exceeding usual detection limits in use within the informal Ring of Five (Ro5) monitoring network.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory štítné žlázy * MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Rusko MeSH

This paper reports the first study applying a triple-isotope approach for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The (13)C/(12)C, (14)C/(12)C, and (2)H/(1)H isotope ratios of PAHs were determined in forest soils from mountainous areas of the Czech Republic, European Union. Statistical modeling applying a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework to the environmental triple isotope PAH data and an end-member PAH isotope database allowed comprehensive accounting of uncertainties and quantitative constraints on the PAH sources among biomass combustion, liquid fossil fuel combustion, and coal combustion at low and high temperatures. The results suggest that PAHs in this central European region had a clear predominance of coal combustion sources (75 ± 6%; uncertainties represent 1 SD), mainly coal pyrolysis at low temperature (∼650 °C; 61 ± 8%). Combustion of liquid fossil fuels and biomass represented 16 ± 3 and 9 ± 3% of the total PAH burden (∑PAH14), respectively. Although some soils were located close to potential PAH point sources, the source distribution was within a narrow range throughout the region. These observation-based top-down constraints on sources of environmental PAHs provide a reference for both improved bottom-up emission inventories and guidance for efforts to mitigate PAH emissions.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• deuterium chemie   MeSH
• izotopy uhlíku MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• Markovovy řetězce MeSH
• metoda Monte Carlo MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Imaging methods based on light detection are being increasingly used for the non-invasive assessment of tumour growth in animal models. In contrast with bioluminescence imaging, there are no studies assessing the use of macroscopic fluorescence imaging for the longitudinal monitoring of tumour growth in an orthotopic glioma mouse model. Glioma cells expressing the red-shifted fluorescent protein mKate2 were orthotopically implanted to NOD-rag mice and the tumour size estimated by macroscopic fluorescence imaging was compared to the tumour volume determined morphometrically. There was no significant correlation between the data obtained by non-invasive macroscopic fluorescence imaging and post mortem morphometry. In addition, the fluorescence imaging failed to detect a morphometrically verified difference in tumour volume between animals with tumours expressing a potential tumour suppressor gene and controls. The fluorescence signal was affected by the spatial pattern of tumour growth and substantially attenuated by the interfering brain tissue. Our results indicate that the fluorescence signal emitted by glioma cells reflected not only the tumour mass, but also its spatial distribution. Macroscopic planar FLI in an epi-illumination mode and a conventional source of excitation light therefore appears to be more suitable for semi-quantitative assessment of the tumour growth especially in the case of superficially located tumours rather than for precise volume estimation of the xenografts located deep within the brain tissue.

• MeSH
• diagnostické zobrazování metody   metody   MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• gliom diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• optická tomografie metody   MeSH
• transplantace nádorů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• systém R, R software,
• MeSH
• automatizované zpracování dat MeSH
• software MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Kombinatorika. Teorie grafů. Matematická statistika. Operační výzkum. Matematické modelování
• NLK Obory
• statistika, zdravotnická statistika

As Europe's second longest river, the Danube is an important water source for drinking water and irrigation for many countries, before discharging into the Black Sea in the East. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been observed over the last two decades in concentrations exceeding the European Union's drinking water guidelines for total sum of 20 select PFAS of 0.1 μg L-1. Their presence is a result of current and historical use and high environmental persistence, necessitating their monitoring for human risk assessments. The aim of this study is to use recently developed passive sampling technology to calculate time-integrated water concentrations and mass loads of 11 select PFAS at 9 sites along the Danube River. Results indicate ∑11 PFAS concentrations in the range of 9.3-29.6 ng L-1 were not in exceedance of EU drinking water guidelines, but perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was in exceedance of the environmental quality standard (0.65 ng L-1) at all sampling locations. The highest ∑11 PFAS mass loads were observed at Ruse (9.5 kg day-1) and Budapest (6.3 kg day-1), believed to be driven by proximity to industrial facilities and large populations (urban runoff). Finally, we estimate 4.9 kg of total PFAS (∑11 PFAS) were delivered to the Black Sea daily over Summer 2019.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza   MeSH
• fluorokarbony * analýza   MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• pitná voda * analýza   MeSH
• řeky MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• násilí klasifikace   prevence a kontrola   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• odbory etika   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• pracoviště psychologie   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• řízení zdravotnictví etika   klasifikace   MeSH
• sociální péče etika   klasifikace   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• sociální problémy etika   klasifikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• vládní organizace etika   organizace a řízení   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• výzkumný projekt statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zaměstnanost etika   klasifikace   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

A nurse job is difficult, complex and has multitasking character. Exposure to aggression in the workplace is one of the most serious dangerous. Preparators of aggression against nurses might be both co-workers as well as those no related to the workplace for example: patients and their families. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency, sources and type of aggression against nurses in the workplace. The study was conducted in 2009 among 465 nurses working in different health care centers of Podkarpackie (South East of Poland). The study showed that 81.1% of nurses experienced aggression in the workplace. Psychical rather than physical aggression was the most frequent type of aggression against nurses in the workplace of nurses (p<0.001). Aggression by patients and their families occurs statistically significant more frequent than aggression by co-workers (p<0.001) and superior or subordinate (p<0.001).

• MeSH
• agrese psychologie   MeSH
• duševně nemocní MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• násilí klasifikace   psychologie   MeSH
• pracoviště klasifikace   organizace a řízení   psychologie   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• vztahy mezi lékařem a zdravotní sestrou MeSH
• vztahy mezi ošetřovatelkou a pacientem MeSH
• zdravotní sestry v klinické praxi organizace a řízení   psychologie   MeSH
• zdravotnická zařízení pracovní síly   MeSH
• zdravotnický personál organizace a řízení   psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH

• Konspekt
• Statistika
• NLK Obory
• statistika, zdravotnická statistika

Cílem odborné expertízy bylo posouzení a analýza hluku vyvolaného křikem havranů hnízdících na stromech parkové zeleně panelového sídliště v Táboře. Výsledky obsahují popis a vyhodnocení měření, modelování imisní akustické situace a hodnocení zdravotních rizik hluku (HRA) pro odhad hlukové zátěže obyvatel obytné zástavby městského sídliště a školy. Měření hluku bylo organizováno jako technické měření v pěti dílčích lokalitách v chráněném venkovním prostoru a na jednom místě uvnitř školy. Měření probíhalo nepřetržitě s kontinuálním záznamem se vzorkovací frekvencí 1 s. K vyhodnocení byl použit program Brüel & Kjaer Evaluator Type 7820. Akustický model byl vytvořen v prostředí výpočtového softwaru LimA. Hodnocení zdravotních rizik (HRA) bylo zpracováno dle vybraných částí Autorizačního návodu AN 15/04 SZÚ. Pro dokumentaci výsledků byla také použita akustická kamera SoundCam. Naměřené hodnoty ekvivalentních hladin akustického tlaku LAeq,T křiku havranů se pohybovaly ve venkovním prostoru sídliště od 61,5 do 68,0 dB, hladina zbytkového hluku se pohybovala od 26,9 až do 29,1 dB. Uvnitř školy při otevřeném okně byla naměřena hodnota LAeq,T = 64,8 dB. Negativní účinek vlivu hluku na veřejné zdraví z křiku hnízdících havranů lze předpokládat v oblasti obtěžování a rušení spánku, které mohou být vyvolány stresovou reakcí na vysoké hladiny hluku a jeho charakter. Pro hodnocení tohoto zdroje hluku nejsou stanoveny hygienické limity, proto bylo použito hodnocení podle vztahů pro obtěžování průmyslovým hlukem. Procento vysoce obtěžovaných osob lze označit za neakceptovatelné.

The aim of the consultant's report was to assess and analyze noise caused by the screams of rooks nesting in the trees of the greenery of a housing estate in Tábor. The results include a description and evaluation of the measurements, modeling of the immission acoustic situation and assessment of the health risks of noise (HRA) for the estimation of the noise burden on the residents of the urban housing estate and the school. The noise measurement was organized as a technical measurement in five sub-locations in a protected outdoor area and in one location inside the school. The measurement took place continuously with a continuous recording with a sampling frequency of 1 s. The Brüel & Kjaer Evaluator Type 7820 program was used for the evaluation. The acoustic model was created in the LimA computing software environment. The HRA was processed according to selected parts of the Authorization Instructions AN 15/04 SZÚ. A SoundCam acoustic camera was also used to document the results. The measured values of the equivalent sound pressure levels LAeq,T of rooks' screams ranged from 61.5 to 68.0 dB in the outdoor area of the housing estate, the residual noise level ranged from 26.9 to 29.1 dB. Inside the school, with the window open, the value LAeq,T = 64.8 dB was measured. The negative impact of noise on public health from the screeching of nesting rooks can be anticipated in the area of annoyance and sleep disturbance, which may be caused by the stress response to high noise levels and its character. Hygienic limits are not set for the evaluation of this noise source, therefore the evaluation according to the industrial noise disturbance relations was used. The percentage of highly annoyed people can be described as unacceptable.

• MeSH
• hluk * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hodnocení vlivů na zdraví MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• vnímání hlasitosti MeSH
• vrány * MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH