PURPOSE: To determine whether voxel-based morphometry (VBM) might contribute to the detection of cortical dysplasia within the temporal pole in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE/HS). METHODS: Eighteen patients with intractable MTLE/HS and 30 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were included in the study. All of the patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for MTLE/HS and underwent anteromedial temporal resection. VBM without a modulation step was applied to the magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain. Statistical parametric maps were used to compare structural characteristics such as gray matter concentration (GMC) within the temporal pole among patients and controls separately. The acquired data were then statistically analyzed to determine the congruency between visually inspected MR imaging (MRI) scans and VBM results in the detection of morphologic abnormalities in the temporal pole compared to postoperative histopathologic findings of cortical dysplasia. KEY FINDINGS: Histopathologic examination revealed cortical dysplasia within the temporal pole in 11 patients. In detail, according to Palmini's classification, mild malformations of cortical development (mMCDs) were disclosed in three patients, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type Ia in three patients, and FCD type Ib in five patients. Some type of structural temporal pole abnormality was suggested by VBM in 14 patients and by visually inspected MRI scans in 11 patients. The results of VBM were in agreement with the presence/absence of cortical dysplasia in 13 patients (72.2%); this correspondence was significant (p = 0.047). In one case, VBM was false negative and in four cases it was false positive. There was congruence between the results of visual analysis and histologic proof in 55.6% of examined patients, which was not significant. SIGNIFICANCE: We found that VBM made a superior contribution to the detection of temporopolar structural malformations (cortical dysplasia) compared to visual inspection. The agreement with postoperative histopathologic proof was clearly significant for VBM results and nonsignificant for visual inspection.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• diplopie diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• funkční lateralita MeSH
• hipokampus patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• spánkový lalok patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that secondary generalized seizures (SGS) are not truly generalized and may involve selective regions. METHODS: The spread from focal to generalized seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was studied in 20 SGS recorded via stereo-EEG (SEEG) in 15 candidates for surgery. Electrodes were assigned to fronto-orbital, prefrontal, and temporal cortex, cingulate, hippocampus, and amygdala. The onset of SGS was ascertained by behavioral analysis of the video recordings. EEG recordings were evaluated using the rating scale developed by Blumenfeld [Blumenfeld H, Rivera M, McNally KA, Davis K, Spencer DD, Spencer SS. Ictal neocortical slowing in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 2004;63:1015-21]. The seizure rating in each region was compared with the rating in the hippocampus. RESULTS: Ranking significantly differed in the cingulate and fronto-orbital cortex; there was a trend toward significance in the prefrontal cortex. In these regions, slow activity dominated. CONCLUSION: The onset of secondary generalization, when the head, face and all limbs are involved, does not implicate global cortical involvement.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• epilepsie generalizovaná etiologie   patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku komplikace   MeSH
• funkční lateralita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• videozáznam metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Vital mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) populations exist in cells and may consist of heteroplasmic mixtures of mtDNA types. The evolution of these heteroplasmic populations through development, ageing, and generations is central to genetic diseases, but is poorly understood in mammals. Here we dissect these population dynamics using a dataset of unprecedented size and temporal span, comprising 1947 single-cell oocyte and 899 somatic measurements of heteroplasmy change throughout lifetimes and generations in two genetically distinct mouse models. We provide a novel and detailed quantitative characterisation of the linear increase in heteroplasmy variance throughout mammalian life courses in oocytes and pups. We find that differences in mean heteroplasmy are induced between generations, and the heteroplasmy of germline and somatic precursors diverge early in development, with a haplotype-specific direction of segregation. We develop stochastic theory predicting the implications of these dynamics for ageing and disease manifestation and discuss its application to human mtDNA dynamics.

• MeSH
• datové soubory jako téma MeSH
• genom mitochondriální genetika   MeSH
• haplotypy genetika   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• oocyty cytologie   imunologie   MeSH
• variabilita počtu kopií segmentů DNA genetika   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To address the role of latent T. gondii infection in schizophrenia we studied the influence of latent toxoplasmosis on brain morphology. METHODS: An optimized voxel-based morphometry of magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed by analysis of variance with diagnosis and seropositivity as factors in 44 schizophrenic patients (12 T. gondii positive) and 56 controls (13 T. gondii positive). RESULTS: Grey matter (GM) volume was reduced in schizophrenia patients compared with controls in the cortical regions, hippocampus and in the caudate. In the schizophrenia sample we found a significant reduction of GM volume in T. gondii positive comparing with T. gondii-negative patients bilaterally in the caudate, median cingulate, thalamus and occipital cortex and in the left cerebellar hemispheres. T. gondii-positive and -negative controls did not differ in any cluster. Among participants seropositive to T. gondii the reduction of GM in the schizophrenia subjects was located in the same regions when comparing the entire sample (11,660 over-threshold voxels (P ≤ 0.05, FWR corrected). The differences between T. gondii-negative patients and controls consisted only of 289 voxels in temporal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to document that latent toxoplasmosis reduces GM in schizophrenia but not in controls.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• hipokampus mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mozek mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• mozková kůra mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• mozková toxoplazmóza komplikace   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• schizofrenie komplikace   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• thalamus mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• plyny MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• radiometrie metody   MeSH
• radon analýza   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

This study aims to investigate whether intranetwork dynamic functional connectivity and causal interactions of the salience network is altered in the interictal term of migraine. Thirty-two healthy controls, 37 migraineurs without aura, and 20 migraineurs with aura were recruited. Participants underwent a T1-weighted scan and resting-state fMRI protocol inside a 1.5T MR scanner. We obtained average spatial maps of resting-state networks using group independent component analysis, which yielded subject-specific time series through a dual regression approach. Salience network regions of interest (bilateral insulae and prefrontal cortices, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) were obtained from the group average map through cluster-based thresholding. To describe intranetwork connectivity, average and dynamic conditional correlation was calculated. Causal interactions between the default-mode, dorsal attention, and salience network were characterised by spectral Granger's causality. Time-averaged correlation was lower between the right insula and prefrontal cortex in migraine without aura vs with aura and healthy controls (P < 0.038, P < 0.037). Variance of dynamic conditional correlation was higher in migraine with aura vs healthy controls and migraine with aura vs without aura between the right insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (P < 0.011, P < 0.026), and in migraine with aura vs healthy controls between the dorsal anterior cingulate and left prefrontal cortex (P < 0.021). Causality was weaker in the <0.05 Hz frequency range between the salience and dorsal attention networks in migraine with aura (P < 0.032). Overall, migraineurs with aura exhibit more fluctuating connections in the salience network, which also affect network interactions, and could be connected to altered cortical excitability and increased sensory gain.

• MeSH
• epilepsie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• migréna s aurou * MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Despite the considerable attention devoted to the biology of social species of African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia), knowledge is lacking about their behaviour under natural conditions. We studied activity of the largest social bathyergid, the giant mole-rat Fukomys mechowii, in its natural habitat in Zambia using radio-telemetry. We radio-tracked six individuals during three continuous 72-h sessions. Five of these individuals, including a breeding male, belonged to a single family group; the remaining female was probably a solitary disperser. The non-breeders of the family were active (i.e. outside the nest) 5.8 hours per 24h-day with the activity split into 6.5 short bouts. The activity was more concentrated in the night hours, when the animals also travelled longer distances from the nest. The breeding male spent only 3.2 hours per day outside the nest, utilizing less than 20% of the whole family home range. The dispersing female displayed a much different activity pattern than the family members. Her 8.0 hours of outside-nest activity per day were split into 4.6 bouts which were twice as long as in the family non-breeders. Her activity peak in the late afternoon coincided with the temperature maximum in the depth of 10 cm (roughly the depth of the foraging tunnels). Our results suggest that the breeding individuals (at least males) contribute very little to the work of the family group. Nevertheless, the amount of an individual's activity and its daily pattern are probably flexible in this species and can be modified in response to actual environmental and social conditions.

• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• mikroftalmičtí podzemní hlodavci fyziologie   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• telemetrie MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Zambie MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels correlate with multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity, but the dynamics of this correlation are unknown. We evaluated the relationship between sNfL levels and radiologic MS disease activity through monthly assessments during the 24-week natalizumab treatment interruption period in RESTORE (NCT01071083). METHODS: In the RESTORE trial, participants with relapsing forms of MS who had received natalizumab for ≥12 months were randomized to either continue or stop natalizumab and followed with MRI and blood draws every 4 weeks to week 28 and again at week 52 The sNfL was measured, and its dynamics were correlated with the development of gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions. Log-linear trend in sNfL levels were modeled longitudinally using generalized estimating equations with robust variance estimator from baseline to week 28. RESULTS: Of 175 patients enrolled in RESTORE, 166 had serum samples for analysis. Participants with Gd+ lesions were younger (37.7 vs 43.1, p = 0.001) and had lower Expanded Disability Status Scale scores at baseline (2.7 vs 3.4, p = 0.017) than participants without Gd+ lesions. sNfL levels increased in participants with Gd+ lesions (n = 65) compared with those without (n = 101, mean change from baseline to maximum sNfL value, 12.1 vs 3.2 pg/mL, respectively; p = 0.003). As the number of Gd+ lesions increased, peak median sNfL change also increased by 1.4, 3.0, 4.3, and 19.6 pg/mL in the Gd+ lesion groups of 1 (n = 12), 2-3 (n = 18), 4-9 (n = 21), and ≥10 (n = 14) lesions, respectively. However, 46 of 65 (71%) participants with Gd+ lesions did not increase above the 95th percentile threshold of the group without Gd+ lesions. The initial increase of sNfL typically trailed the first observation of Gd+ lesions, and the peak increase in sNfL was a median [interquartile range] of 8 [0, 12] weeks after the first appearance of the Gd+ lesion. DISCUSSION: Although sNfL correlated with the presence of Gd+ lesions, most participants with Gd+ lesions did not have elevations in sNfL levels. These observations have implications for the use and interpretation of sNfL as a biomarker for monitoring MS disease activity in controlled trials and clinical practice.

• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gadolinium MeSH
• imunologické faktory terapeutické užití   krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• natalizumab * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• neurofilamentové proteiny * krev   MeSH
• posuzování pracovní neschopnosti MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• relabující-remitující roztroušená skleróza krev   farmakoterapie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza krev   diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that spatio-temporal dynamics of interictal spikes reflect the extent and stability of epileptic sources and determine surgical outcome. METHODS: We studied 30 consecutive patients (14 good outcome). Spikes were detected in prolonged stereo-electroencephalography recordings. We quantified the spatio-temporal dynamics of spikes using the variance of the spike rate, line length and skewness of the spike distribution, and related these features to outcome. We built a logistic regression model, and compared its performance to traditional markers. RESULTS: Good outcome patients had more dominant and stable sources than poor outcome patients as expressed by a higher variance of spike rates, a lower variance of line length, and a lower variance of positive skewness (ps < 0.05). The outcome was correctly predicted in 80% of patients. This was better or non-inferior to predictions based on a focal lesion (p = 0.016), focal seizure-onset zone, or complete resection (ps > 0.05). In the five patients where traditional markers failed, spike distribution predicted the outcome correctly. The best results were achieved by 18-h periods or longer. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of spike dynamics shows that surgery outcome depends on strong, single and stable sources. SIGNIFICANCE: Our quantitative method has the potential to be a reliable predictor of surgical outcome.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• epilepsie parciální patofyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• modely neurologické MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• mozkové vlny fyziologie   MeSH
• neurochirurgické výkony MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• refrakterní epilepsie patofyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Using functional neuroimaging techniques (PET and fMRI), various cortical, limbic, and paralimbic structures have been identified in the last decade as neural substrates of human emotion. In this study we used a novel approach (intracerebral recordings of event-related potentials) to add to our knowledge of specific brain regions involved in affective picture processing. Ten intractable epileptic patients undergoing pre-surgical depth electrode recording viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures and intracerebral event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. A total of 752 cortical and subcortical sites were investigated. Significant differences in ERPs to unpleasant as compared to neutral or pleasant pictures were frequently and consistently observed in recordings from various brain areas--the mesial temporal cortex (the amygdala, the hippocampus, the temporal pole), the lateral temporal cortex, the mesial prefrontal cortex (ACC and the medial frontal gyrus), and the lateral prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, the mean latencies of responses to emotional stimuli were somewhat shorter in the frontal lobe structures (with evidently earlier activation within lateral prefrontal areas when compared to mesial prefrontal cortex) and longer in the temporal lobe regions. These differences, however, were not significant. Additional clearly positive findings were observed in some rarely investigated regions--in the posterior parietal cortex, the precuneus, and the insula. An approximately equivalent number of positive findings was revealed in the left and right hemisphere structures. These results are in agreement with a multisystem model of human emotion, distributed far beyond the typical limbic system and substantially comprising lateral aspects of both frontal lobes as well.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• epilepsie MeSH
• estetika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• reakční čas MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH