• MeSH
• nervus vagus fyziologie   anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• neurobiologie MeSH
• neurofyziologie MeSH
• vagotomie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• neurovědy
• anatomie

Inflammation and other immune responses are involved in the variety of diseases and disorders. The acute response to endotoxemia includes activation of innate immune mechanisms as well as changes in autonomic nervous activity. The autonomic nervous system and the inflammatory response are intimately linked and sympathetic and vagal nerves are thought to have anti-inflammation functions. The basic functional circuit between vagus nerve and inflammatory response was identified and the neuroimmunomodulation loop was called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Unique function of vagus nerve in the anti-inflammatory reflex arc was found in many experimental and pre-clinical studies. They brought evidence on the cholinergic signaling interacting with systemic and local inflammation, particularly suppressing immune cells function. Pharmacological/electrical modulation of vagal activity suppressed TNF-alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines production and had beneficial therapeutic effects. Many questions related to mapping, linking and targeting of vagal-immune interactions have been elucidated and brought understanding of its basic physiology and provided the initial support for development of Tracey´s inflammatory reflex. This review summarizes and critically assesses the current knowledge defining cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with main focus on studies employing an experimental approach and emphasizes the potential of modulation of vagally-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway in the treatment strategies.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• cholinergní látky imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nervus vagus imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• neuroimunomodulace fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony cholinergní imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• zánět imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• hypoxie patofyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• měření objemu plic MeSH
• nervus vagus fyziologie   MeSH
• vagotomie MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH

Cíl: Přehled možností provedení MR u pacientů s implantovaným vagovým stimulátorem (vagal nerve stimulator; VNS) a způsob chirurgické explantace VNS odpovídající MR protokolu a umožňující následné vyšetření MR bez výrazných omezení. Soubor a metodika: MR vyšetření je možné provést i u pacientů s implantovaným VNS. Lze provést vyšetření hlavy a těla kaudálně od Th8. Musí však být použita pouze lokální radiofrekvenční cívka a před MR musí být generátor VNS přeprogramován. Pokud má pacient generátor a větší část elektrody explantovány, lze provést MR v oblasti celého těla jakýmkoliv MR nastavením. To platí pro situaci, kdy po explantaci zůstane nejvýše 2cm část elektrody - což odpovídá části elektrody na vagovém nervu s fixačními kotvičkami. Výsledky: Od června 2016 do června 2018 jsme explantovali VNS výše uvedeným způsobem u šesti pacientů. Pooperační průběh u všech pacientů byl bez významných komplikací. Pooperační kontrolu jsme provedli pomocí RTG krku a CT 3D zobrazení. Zobrazovací metody ukázaly ponechanou část elektrody na n. vagus ≤ 2 cm. Pooperačně pacienti neměli polykací obtíže, chrapot ani změnu hlasu. Čtyři pacienti následně po zhojení rány již podstoupili MR bez jakýchkoliv obtíží či komplikací. Závěr: Explantace VNS odpovídající MR protokolu s ponecháním části elektrody na n. vagus, tedy vynecháním kompletní preparace celé elektrody na nervu, snižuje riziko komplikací a zkracuje dobu operačního zákroku. Pacientovi můžeme následně bezpečně provádět MR celého těla bez omezení v běžných technických nastaveních.

Aim: An overview of MRI in patients with implanted vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) and the method of surgical explantation of VNS, reflecting the MRI protocol allowing the subsequent MRI examination without significant limitations. Patients and methods: MRI can also be safely performed in patients with the implanted VNS device. Head examination and body examination caudally from Th8 can be performed, but only local radiofrequency coils must be used. Before the MRI, the VNS system must be reprogrammed. If the patient has an explanted generator and the larger part of the electrode, the MRI of the entire body can be performed with any common MRI setting. This applies to a situation where after the explantation there is only a 2-cm part of the electrode left - corresponding to the portion of the electrode on the vagal nerve with fixation anchors. Results: From June 2016 to June 2018, we explanted a VNS with this approach in six patients. Post-operative course of all patients was without complications. Post-operative control was performed using neck X-ray and CT 3D imaging. Imaging methods showed that the remainder of the electrode on the vagal nerve electrode was ≤ 2 cm. Post-operatively, patients did not have swallowing difficulties, hoarseness or voice changes. Four patients have subsequently already undergone MRI without any difficulties or complications. Conclusion: Surgical explantation of VNS according to the MRI protocol, leaving part of the electrode on the vagal nerve and omitting the complete preparation of the entire electrode on the nerve, reduces the risk of complications and shortens the duration of the operation. The patient can afterwards safely undergo the MRI of the entire body without any limitations in normal technical settings.

• MeSH
• epilepsie * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   MeSH
• odstranění implantátu metody   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• vagová stimulace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Background Increased vagal modulation is a mechanism that may partially explain the protective effect of healthy lifestyles. However, it is unclear how healthy lifestyles relate to vagal regulation longitudinally. We prospectively examined associations between a comprehensive measure of 4 important lifestyle factors and vagal modulation, indexed by heart rate variability (HRV) over 10 years. Methods and Results The fifth (1997-1999), seventh (2002-2004), and ninth (2007-2009) phases of the UK Whitehall II cohort were analyzed. Analytical samples ranged from 2059 to 3333 (mean age: 55.7 years). A healthy lifestyle score was derived by giving participants 1 point for each healthy factor: physically active, not smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, and healthy body mass index. Two vagally mediated HRV measures were used: high-frequency HRV and root mean square of successive differences of normal-to-normal R-R intervals. Cross-sectionally, a positively graded association was observed between the healthy lifestyle score and HRV at baseline (Poverall≤0.001). Differences in HRV according to the healthy lifestyle score remained relatively stable over time. Compared with participants who hardly ever adhered to healthy lifestyles, those with consistent healthy lifestyles displayed higher high-frequency HRV (β=0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.35; P=0.001) and higher root mean square of successive differences of normal-to-normal R-R intervals (β=0.15; 95% CI, 0.07-0.22; P≤0.001) at follow-up after covariate adjustment. These differences in high-frequency HRV and root mean square of successive differences of normal-to-normal R-R intervals are equivalent to ≈6 to 20 years differences in chronological age. Compared with participants who reduced their healthy lifestyle scores, those with stable scores displayed higher subsequent high-frequency HRV (β=0.24; 95% CI, 0.01-0.48; P=0.046) and higher root mean square of successive differences of normal-to-normal R-R intervals (β=0.15; 95% CI, 0.01-0.29; P=0.042). Conclusions Maintaining healthy lifestyles is positively associated with cardiac vagal functioning, and these beneficial adaptations may be lost if not sustained.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chování snižující riziko * MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   patofyziologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nekuřáci MeSH
• nervus vagus patofyziologie   MeSH
• ochranné faktory MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• srdce inervace   MeSH
• srdeční frekvence * MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• zdravý životní styl * MeSH
• zvyky MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Londýn MeSH

Objective.Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising approach for the treatment of a wide variety of debilitating conditions, including autoimmune diseases and intractable epilepsy. Much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms involved in vagus nerve regulation of organ function. Despite an abundance of well-characterized rodent models of common chronic diseases, currently available technologies are rarely suitable for the required long-term experiments in freely moving animals, particularly experimental mice. Due to challenging anatomical limitations, many relevant experiments require miniaturized, less invasive, and wireless devices for precise stimulation of the vagus nerve and other peripheral nerves of interest. Our objective is to outline possible solutions to this problem by using nongenetic light-based stimulation.Approach.We describe how to design and benchmark new microstimulation devices that are based on transcutaneous photovoltaic stimulation. The approach is to use wired multielectrode cuffs to test different stimulation patterns, and then build photovoltaic stimulators to generate the most optimal patterns. We validate stimulation through heart rate analysis.Main results.A range of different stimulation geometries are explored with large differences in performance. Two types of photovoltaic devices are fabricated to deliver stimulation: photocapacitors and photovoltaic flags. The former is simple and more compact, but has limited efficiency. The photovoltaic flag approach is more elaborate, but highly efficient. Both can be used for wireless actuation of the vagus nerve using light impulses.Significance.These approaches can enable studies in small animals that were previously challenging, such as long-termin vivostudies for mapping functional vagus nerve innervation. This new knowledge may have potential to support clinical translation of VNS for treatment of select inflammatory and neurologic diseases.

• MeSH
• bezdrátová technologie * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• vagová stimulace * přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• elektrofyziologie MeSH
• endokrinní chirurgické výkony MeSH
• intraoperační neurofyziologická monitorace MeSH
• nemoci paratyreoidey MeSH
• nemoci štítné žlázy MeSH
• nervus laryngeus recurrens MeSH
• Publikační typ
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• otorinolaryngologie
• endokrinologie

BACKGROUND: Inhibitory control processes are a central executive function. Several lines of evidence suggest that the GABAergic and the norepinephrine (NE) system modulate inhibitory control processes. Yet, the effects of conjoint increases in the GABAergic and NE system activity on inhibitory control have not been examined. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: We examine the conjoint effects of the GABA and NE system for inhibitory control. METHODS: We used transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), which has been shown to modulate both the GABAergic and NE system. We examine the effects of tVNS in two experimental paradigms examining different aspect of inhibitory control; i.e. a backward inhibition paradigm and a response inhibition paradigm modulating working memory load. RESULTS: There were no effects of tVNS on backward inhibition processes, but on response inhibition processes. Yet, these only emerged when working memory processes were needed to control response inhibition. Compared to a sham stimulation, tVNS induced better response inhibition performance (i.e. fewer false alarms). CONCLUSIONS: A concomitant modulation of the GABAergic and NE system, as induced by tVNS, affects inhibitory control processes, but only when working memory processes play an important role for inhibitory control. Even though both the GABAergic and the NE system are modulated by tVNS, the results suggest that the modulation of the NE system is most important for the emerging effects.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exekutivní funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• GABA fyziologie   MeSH
• inhibice (psychologie) * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• noradrenalin fyziologie   MeSH
• transkutánní elektrická neurostimulace metody   MeSH
• vagová stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

An attempt has been made in the present report to evaluate quantitatively the sensory activity in both vagal nerves of control rats and rats with experimental lung inflammation, by employing the integration technique. We evaluated background vagal nerve activity, resting respiration and activity during inflation at constant pressures of 5 to 20 cm of water. It was found that integrated vagal respiratory activity cannot be assessed in absolute units under our experimental conditions, because of the large scatter of data. However, when the integrated values were related, for example, to resting respiration (in percentage), it was possible to compare some respiratory parameters in control, healthy rats of the Wistar strain and rats with lung inflammation. While background activity in control rats represents 75.9% of resting respiration, this parameter is significantly higher both in rats with 2-day carrageenin lung inflammation and those intoxicated with paraquat. Lung inflation at pressures 5, 10, 15, 20 cm H2O increased vagal activity linearly both in control and the two experimental groups with the degree of lung inflation. However, values in experimental animals corresponding to those of the control group were not reached until higher inflation pressures. From the functional aspect, experimental rats had characteristic tachypnoea which returns to control values after bilateral vagotomy. Since it was found that lung compliance was significantly decreased in both carrageenin and paraquat lung processes, it is being suggested that the diminished activity from lung receptors during inflation is due to mechanical properties of the lung tissue, namely lowered lung compliance.

• MeSH
• dýchání MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• nervus vagus patofyziologie   MeSH
• neurony aferentní patofyziologie   MeSH
• plicní nemoci patofyziologie   MeSH
• pneumonie patofyziologie   MeSH
• poddajnost plic MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This research aimed to evaluate whether vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) could effectively prevent septic shock-induced cardiac injury in rats and investigate the potential mechanisms. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the Sham group (sham cecal ligation and puncture [CLP] plus vagal nerve trunk separation), the Vehicle group (CLP plus vagal nerve trunk separation), and the VNS groups (CLP plus vagal nerve trunk separation plus VNS). The left ventricular function was analyzed by echocardiography. Histologic examinations of the cardiac tissues were performed through hematoxylin and eosin staining and TUNEL staining. The Vehicle group had worse cardiac function, higher levels of cardiac injury markers, and enhanced myocardial apoptosis than the Sham group. The rats in the VNS groups had enhanced cardiac function, lower levels of cardiac injury markers, and inhibited myocardial apoptosis than those in the Vehicle group. Elevated interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-levels and activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa-B) signal in septic shock rats were inhibited by the performance of VNS. This study suggests that VNS contributes to the reduction of myocardial apoptosis and improvement of left ventricular function to attenuate septic shock-induced cardiac injury in rats. The performance of VNS inhibits the inflammatory responses in heart tissues via the regulation of NF-kappa-B signal.

• MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• myokard patologie   MeSH
• NF-kappa B MeSH
• poranění srdce * patologie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• septický šok * komplikace   terapie   patologie   MeSH
• srdce MeSH
• vagová stimulace * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH