High-solid anaerobic digestion of the very small particle fraction of mechanically-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) was examined in mesophilic digestion tests in a conventional laboratory (0.013 m3) and a pilot (0.300 m3) reactor. The non-biodegradable and recalcitrant molecules together with the low protein and starch contents of the small-particles of OFMSW limited the methane generation potential of substrate. In the conventional AD system, methane yields remained low at 0.139 m3kgVS-1 due to formation of a non-reacting layer on digestate surface, which restricted utilization of the available in OFMSW digestible organics. The absence of surface solid crust in the pilot unit favoured consumption of a greater proportion of volatile solids of the OFMSW. Dry AD was remarkably stable over the entire period and negligibly effected by the toxic H2S yields. Methane generation (0.167 m3kgVS-1) was increased 1.2-fold compared to the conventional system due to a better mixing of substrate and microorganisms achieved inside the pilot reactor, which led to an increase of the digested volatile organics. Digestate presented low stability and high heavy metal content, both of which restrain its implementation as soil conditioner or fertilizer in agriculture. A secondary co-digestion treatment may be required for the neutralization of digestate.

• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• laboratoře MeSH
• methan MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
• tuhý odpad * analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Water is an extremely essential compound for human life and, hence, accessing drinking water is very important all over the world. Nowadays, due to the urbanization and industrialization, several noxious pollutants are discharged into water. Water pollution by various cytotoxic contaminants, e.g. heavy metal ions, drugs, pesticides, dyes, residues a drastic public health issue for human beings; hence, this topic has been receiving much attention for the specific approaches and technologies to remove hazardous contaminants from water and wastewater. In the current review, the cytotoxicity of different sorts of aquatic pollutants for mammalian is presented. In addition, we will overview the recent advances in various nanocomposite-based adsorbents and different approaches of pollutants removal from water/wastewater with several examples to provide a backdrop for future research.

• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie   MeSH
• čištění vody metody   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nanokompozity chemie   MeSH
• odpadní voda chemie   MeSH
• pesticidy analýza   MeSH
• těžké kovy chemie   MeSH
• voda MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Waste sorting at the source is a vital strategy of waste management and to improve urban sustainability. If the strategy is implemented by relying solely on publicity and civic awareness, the impact is less significant. Proactive measures, such as policy regulations, supervisory guidance, and stimulating incentives, play essential roles for better management. The unknown waste-dumping behaviour of residents is a great challenge for decision-makers to allocate resources for waste-collection operations and to refine regulations. Traditional behaviour analysis methods such as questionnaire surveys and simulation methods have limitations considering the population size and the complexity of individual behaviour. This study aims to design a data-driven analytical framework to analyse household waste-dumping behaviour and facilitate policy regulations by using the Internet of Things (IoT) and data mining technologies. The analytical framework is further developed into a four-step management cycle. A case study in Shanghai is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical framework and management cycle. The results of behaviour analyses reveal that (1) waste-dumping frequency is high in the evening but negligible in the early afternoon; (2) compared to working days, peak-value time at weekends occurs later in the morning and earlier in the evening; (3) residents require longer waste-dumping time windows than those empirically recommended by administrators. Managerial insights and decision support based on these research results have been presented for decision-makers to guide operations management and facilitate policy regulations.

• MeSH
• nakládání s odpady * MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
• skládková zařízení MeSH
• trvale udržitelný růst MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH

Polyurethane has a good insulation characteristic, and it is widely used as an insulation and lining material for refrigerators. Nevertheless, at the end of a product's lifetime, serious problems arise related to waste management. Recently, energy recovery has been marked as a promising solution, especially, waste-to-energy applications. To find an appropriate application for such waste, a thermal analysis was performed. An experimental analysis of polyurethane (PU) waste material was performed by the method of pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (Py-GC/MS) at various pyrolytic temperatures, namely, at 500, 600 and 700 °C. Waste polyurethane foam was conducted to investigations in the form of a bulk sample and sorted grain-size samples with a goal to detect the chemical composition of the pyrolysate. The investigation revealed various groups of organic compounds such as heterocyclic compounds of nitrogen and simple and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, while notable concentrations of compounds containing chlorine were detected as well. The experimental analysis found differences in the composition of amines and other compounds and in the dependence on grain size composition. Bulk samples produced the highest concentration of amines (˃ 40%) at a temperature of 500 °C. The sample homogenization led to a significant increase in amines production. Polyurethane waste of grain size from 0.125 to 0.25 mm contained approximately 80% amines. The pyrolysis of the bulk sample at 600 °C yielded only 24% nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, while from the sorted grain-size <0.045 mm and 0.045-0.063 mm, yields were increased to 47.4 and 45.7%, respectively.

• MeSH
• odpadní produkty MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * MeSH
• polyurethany * MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Zeolites are microporous tectosilicates of natural or synthetic origin, which have been extensively used in various technological applications, e.g. as catalysts and as molecular sieves, for separating and sorting various molecules, for water and air purification, including removal of radioactive contaminants, for harvesting waste heat and solar heat energy, for adsorption refrigeration, as detergents, etc. These applications of zeolites were typically related with their porous character, their high adsorption capacity, and their ion exchange properties. This review is focused on potential or already practically implemented applications of zeolites in biotechnology and medicine. Zeolites are promising for environment protection, detoxication of animal and human organisms, improvement of the nutrition status and immunity of farm animals, separation of various biomolecules and cells, construction of biosensors and detection of biomarkers of various diseases, controlled drug and gene delivery, radical scavenging, and particularly tissue engineering and biomaterial coating. As components of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, zeolites can deliver oxygen to cells, can stimulate osteogenic cell differentiation, and can inhibit bone resorption. Zeolites can also act as oxygen reservoirs, and can improve cell performance in vascular and skin tissue engineering and wound healing. When deposited on metallic materials for bone implantation, zeolite films showed anticorrosion effects, and improved the osseointegration of these implants. In our studies, silicalite-1 films deposited on silicon or stainless steel substrates improved the adhesion, growth, viability and osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. Zeolites have been clinically used as components of haemostatics, e.g. in the Advanced Clotting Sponge, as gastroprotective drugs, e.g. Absorbatox® 2.4D, or as antioxidative agents (Klinobind®). Some zeolites are highly cytotoxic and carcinogenic, e.g. erionite. However, in other zeolites, the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects can be used for tumor therapy.

• MeSH
• biotechnologie metody   MeSH
• cytostatické látky chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protinádorové látky chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů metody   MeSH
• zeolity chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: In working environment of waste treatment facilities, employees are exposed to high concentrations of airborne microorganisms. Fungi constitute an essential part of them. This study aims at evaluating the diurnal variation in concentrations and species composition of the fungal contamination in 2 plastic waste sorting facilities in different seasons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Air samples from the 2 sorting facilities were collected through the membrane filters method on 4 different types of cultivation media. Isolated fungi were classified to genera or species by using a light microscopy. RESULTS: Overall, the highest concentrations of airborne fungi were recorded in summer (9.1×10³-9.0×10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU)/m₃), while the lowest ones in winter (2.7×10³-2.9×10⁵ CFU/m³). The concentration increased from the beginning of the work shift and reached a plateau after 6-7 h of the sorting. The most frequently isolated airborne fungi were those of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. The turnover of fungal species between seasons was relatively high as well as changes in the number of detected species, but potentially toxigenic and allergenic fungi were detected in both facilities during all seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, high concentrations of airborne fungi were detected in the working environment of plastic waste sorting facilities, which raises the question of health risk taken by the employees. Based on our results, the use of protective equipment by employees is recommended and preventive measures should be introduced into the working environment of waste sorting facilities to reduce health risk for employees. Med Pr 2017;68(1):1-9.

• MeSH
• houby izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vzduchu * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• plastické hmoty analýza   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• pracovní expozice statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• skládková zařízení * MeSH
• tuhý odpad analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH

Autoři v úvodu shrnují základní legislativní požadavky pro nakládání s odpady a cíle Plánu odpadového hospodářství na období 2015–2024 se zaměřením na oblast zdravotnických odpadů. Dále se zabývají problematikou třídění, manipulace a likvidace odpadů z provozu zdravotnických zařízení a v uvedeném kontextu popisují situaci v prostředí Všeobecné fakultní nemocnice v Praze (VFN). Porovnávají produkci odpadu v nemocnici v roce 2001 a v období 2005–2014 podle druhu a kategorie odpadu i ekonomické aspekty spojené s jeho likvidací. Popisují způsoby nakládání s odpady, které jsou uplatňovány ve VFN a ukotveny ve vnitřních směrnicích, zpracovaných dle platné legislativy a metodických doporučení. Demonstrují zkušenosti z praxe při vzájemné spolupráci nemocničního hygienika a odpadového hospodáře.

At the beginning, the authors summarizes the basic legislative requirements for waste management and goals of the Waste Management Plan for the period 2015–2024, with a focus on medical waste category. Next, they are dealing with issues of sorting, handling and disposing of waste from the operation of medical devices and in that context, describing the situation in the General University Hospital in Prague (GUH). They are comparing waste production in the hospital in 2001 and in the period 2005–2014 by type and category of waste, and also economic aspects associated with its disposal. They are describing methods of waste management, which are applied in GUH and anchored in the internal regulations, processed according to applicable legislation and methodological recommendations. They are demonstrating practical experiences from the mutual cooperation of hospital hygienist and waste manager.

• MeSH
• nakládání s odpady ekonomika   normy   statistika a číselné údaje   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• nebezpečný odpad MeSH
• nemocnice fakultní MeSH
• odstraňování zdravotnického odpadu * ekonomika   normy   statistika a číselné údaje   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• zdravotnická zařízení MeSH
• zdravotnický odpad * klasifikace   statistika a číselné údaje   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the efficiency of a filter based sampling method and a high volume sampling method for sampling airborne culturable fungi present in waste sorting facilities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Membrane filters method was compared with surface air system method. The selected sampling methods were modified and tested in 2 plastic waste sorting facilities. RESULTS: The total number of colony-forming units (CFU)/m3 of airborne fungi was dependent on the type of sampling device, on the time of sampling, which was carried out every hour from the beginning of the work shift, and on the type of cultivation medium (p < 0.001). Detected concentrations of airborne fungi ranged 2×102-1.7×106 CFU/m3 when using the membrane filters (MF) method, and 3×102-6.4×104 CFU/m3 when using the surface air system (SAS) method. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods showed comparable sensitivity to the fluctuations of the concentrations of airborne fungi during the work shifts. The SAS method is adequate for a fast indicative determination of concentration of airborne fungi. The MF method is suitable for thorough assessment of working environment contamination by airborne fungi. Therefore we recommend the MF method for the implementation of a uniform standard methodology of airborne fungi sampling in working environments of waste treatment facilities.

• MeSH
• houby izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mikrobiologie vzduchu * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• skládková zařízení * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• buňky * MeSH
• molekulární biologie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NLK Obory
• molekulární biologie, molekulární medicína
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice vysokých škol

Cytokiny jsou fyziologické molekuly proteinové povahy, které svým působením významně ovlivňují homeostázu organismu. Patofyziologické děje na úrovni buněk jsou spojeny s vyplavováním zánětových mediátorů a molekul s nimi asociovaných, které mohou ovlivňovat další buněčné děje autokrinně a parakrinně. V současné době stojí v popředí zájmu experimentální medicíny díky jejich vzájemnému ovlivňování, propojení funkcí, pleiotropnímu působení a redundanci. Stanovení koncentrací cytokinů v plasmě či kostní dřeni může odrážet lokální či globální odpověď organismu na nádor. Společně s kostimulačními molekulami mohou sloužit jako prediktory odpovědi na onkologickou léčbu, rizika relapsu či prognózy a rovněž souviset s predikcí komplikací po transplantaci krvetvorby (GvHD). Tato práce si dává za cíl tyto prediktory identifikovat.; Cytokines are physiological molecules with protein characteristics, which influence the homeostasis of an organism significantly by their effect. Pathophysiological actions on the cellular level are related to the production of the inflammatory mediatorsand associated molecules, which can influence other cell regulations autocrinally and paracrinally. Nowadays, they stand in the foreground of interest of the experimental medicine owing to their reciprocal influence, connection of functions, pleiotropiceffect and redundance. Determination of their concentration in plasma or bone marrow can reflect the local or the global response of the organism to the tumor. Cytokines and the co-stimulatory molecules can serve as predictors of the response to the oncology treatment, risk of relapse or prognosis, and they can be united with prediction of complications after transplantation of hematopoiesis (GvHD). The aim of this work is to identify these predictors.

• MeSH
• cytokiny analýza   krev   MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• leukemie MeSH
• lymfom MeSH
• nemoc štěpu proti hostiteli MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• hematologie a transfuzní lékařství
• onkologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu IGA MZ ČR