Tento příspěvek se zabývá aktuálním tématem, kyberšikanou. Jedná se o novou formu šikany, která využívá k ubližování moderní informační a komunikační technologie, mezi které se řadí internet (e-mail, chat, sociální sítě, webové stránky a další) a mobilní telefony (SMS zprávy, MMS zprávy, videozáznamy). Cílem příspěvku je přiblížit možné psychické dopady na oběti, které mohou někdy končit tragicky, a zároveň seznámit se strategiemi zvládání nastalé situace. Příspěvek zahrnuje i vlastní výzkum, který mimo jiné zjišťoval, jaké strategie využívaly oběti kyberšikany ke zvládnutí situace a jak se po takové zkušenosti cítily. Vzhledem k tomu, že dochází k neustálému rozvoji moderních technologií, je potřeba zvyšovat informovanost o této problematice mezi širokou veřejností a předcházet tak dalším případům kyberšikany.

This paper deals with the current issue of cyberbullying. It is a new form of bullying which uses modern information and communication technologies (ICT) to harm others. ICT mean the internet (e-mail, chat, social networks, websites, etc.) and mobile phones (SMS messages, MMS messages, pictures, records). The purpose of this paper is to present possible psychological impacts on the victims, which can sometimes be really bad, and at the same time to present the strategies of coping with the situation. The paper also includes its own research, which among other things found out which strategies used the victims of cyberbullying to cope with the situation and how did they feel after that experience. Given that there is a continuous development of modern technologies, it is necessary to raise awareness among the general public and thus prevent further cases of cyberbullying.

• Klíčová slova
• strategie zvládání, copingové strategie,
• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• internet * MeSH
• kyberšikana MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu * MeSH
• ochrana práv dítěte * psychologie   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• on-line systémy * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky * MeSH
• psychosomatické poruchy * MeSH
• psychoterapie * MeSH
• šikana * klasifikace   psychologie   MeSH
• výzkum * organizace a řízení   statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   výchova   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH

BACKGROUND: Problem behaviour theory postulates that different forms of norm violations cluster and can be explained by similar antecedents. One such cluster may include cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration. A potential explanatory mechanism includes toxic online disinhibition, characterised by anonymity, an inability to empathise and to recognise and interpret social cues. The current study to develop a better understanding of the relationship between cyberhate and cyberbullying to inform effective intervention and prevention efforts. AIMS: To test the link between cyberbullying and cyberhate and whether this relationship was moderated by toxic online disinhibition. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires on cyberbullying, cyberhate, and toxic online disinhibition were completed by 1,480 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.21 years; SD = 1.68). RESULTS: Increases in cyberbullying perpetration and toxic online disinhibition were positively related to cyberhate perpetration. Furthermore, cyberbullies reported more cyberhate perpetration when they reported higher levels of toxic online disinhibition and less frequent cyberhate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. CONCLUSION: The current study provides evidence of a possible link between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration, moderated by toxic online disinhibition. This suggests that, to be effective, prevention and intervention programmes should (i) consider the co-occurrence of varying forms of cyberaggression and (ii) consider potential effects of the online environment on aggressive online behaviour among young people.

• MeSH
• agrese MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• inhibice (psychologie) * MeSH
• internet * MeSH
• kyberšikana psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nenávist * MeSH
• oběti zločinu psychologie   MeSH
• problémové chování MeSH
• zpráva o sobě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH

A substantial amount of research has revealed that cyberbully-victims have more emotional and behavioral problems than either cyberbullying victims or perpetrators. However, until now, little research has been conducted into the factors that contribute to the interplay between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cyberbullying victimization, perpetration, and two emotional components of alexithymia, namely difficulties in identifying and describing one's own feelings. Self-report questions were administered to 1549 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.51; SD = 1.68; 42.1% (n = 652) male) from Germany and Thailand. Results showed that cyberbullying victimization and alexithymia are associated with cyberbullying perpetration. Moreover, alexithymia mediated the associations between cyberbullying victimization and adolescents' cyberbullying perpetration. Consequently, we suggest that the ability to describe and identify one's own feelings might be important for understanding the link between cyberbullying, victimization, and perpetration. The results may help develop prevention and intervention programs focused on reducing cyberbullying.

• MeSH
• afektivní symptomy psychologie   MeSH
• chování mladistvých psychologie   MeSH
• internet * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu psychologie   MeSH
• problémové chování psychologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• šikana * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH
• Thajsko MeSH

This study examined the bystander effect in cyberbullying. Using self-reported data from 257 Czech respondents who had witnessed a cyberbullying attack, we tested whether provided help decreased with increased number of other bystanders. We controlled for several individual and contextual factors, including empathy, social self-efficacy, empathic response to victimization, and relationship to the victim. Results showed that participants tend to help the victims more in incidents with only one or two other bystanders. We also found that, as in the "offline" realm, bystander effect is not linear: no significant differences were found between incidents with a moderate number (3-10) and a larger number of total bystanders. Our findings, thus, provide support for the presence of the bystander effect in cyberbullying.

• MeSH
• bystander efekt * MeSH
• chování mladistvých psychologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• internet * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oběti zločinu psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• šikana statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zpráva o sobě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

This article reviews recent literature focused on the factors associated with the reactions of youth bystanders to cyberaggression. The studies examined factors from three topical areas. The first area concerns the role of individual factors, with specific focus on the role of moral disengagement. The second area concerns the contextual factors and the applicability of the bystander intervention model, the bystander effect in the online environment, and the severity of the incident. The third area comprises social factors, with focus on the effect of class and school, and the interactions between individual and social levels. Taking into the reviewed literature, recommendations are formulated regarding the measurement of cyberbystander reactions, the need to capture contextual factors, and the examination of social factors.

• MeSH
• kyberšikana * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mravy MeSH
• šikana * MeSH
• školy MeSH
• sociální faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This study investigated the role of medium (face-to-face, cyber) and publicity (public, private) in adolescents' perceptions of severity and coping strategies (i.e., avoidant, ignoring, helplessness, social support seeking, retaliation) for victimization, while accounting for gender and cultural values. There were 3432 adolescents (ages 11-15, 49% girls) in this study; they were from China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, and the United States. Adolescents completed questionnaires on individualism and collectivism, and ratings of coping strategies and severity for public face-to-face victimization, private face-to-face victimization, public cyber victimization, and private cyber victimization. Findings revealed similarities in adolescents' coping strategies based on perceptions of severity, publicity, and medium for some coping strategies (i.e., social support seeking, retaliation) but differential associations for other coping strategies (i.e., avoidance, helplessness, ignoring). The results of this study are important for prevention and intervention efforts because they underscore the importance of teaching effective coping strategies to adolescents, and to consider how perceptions of severity, publicity, and medium might influence the implementation of these coping strategies.

• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická MeSH
• chování mladistvých * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kyberšikana * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu * MeSH
• šikana * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Although the research on cyberbullying has increased dramatically in recent years, still little is known about how cyberbullying participant groups (i.e., cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbully-victims) differ from one another. This study aims to discriminate between these groups at an individual and relational level by controlling for age and gender. Self-control, offline aggression, and self-esteem are analyzed as individual-level variables. Parental attachment and peer rejection are involved as relational-level variables. A total of 2,092 Czech adolescents aged 12 to 18 were enrolled from a random sample of 34 primary and secondary schools located in the South Moravian region of the Czech Republic. Discriminant function analyses indicated that the participant groups are discriminated by two functions. The first function increases the separation between cyberbullies and cyberbully-victims from cybervictims, indicating that cyberbullies and cyberbully-victims are similar to each other in terms of low self-control, offline aggression, and gender, and have higher scores on measures of low self-esteem and offline aggression. However, cyberbully-victims had the highest scores on these measures. The second function discriminates between all three groups, which indicates that those variables included in the second function (i.e., parental attachment, peer rejection, self-esteem, and age) distinguish all three involved groups.

• MeSH
• agrese MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• psychologický odstup MeSH
• sebekontrola MeSH
• sebepojetí MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• šikana * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vliv vrstevnické skupiny MeSH
• vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Cyberbullying often takes place with the virtual presence or knowledge of bystanders. While we have some evidence about the determinants of bystanders' responses to offline bullying, we lack empirical studies concerning the variables that influence bystanders' responses to cyberbullying. The current study examines bystanders' responses to offline bullying and cyberbullying incidents. Two types of responses were captured: support toward the victims and the reinforcement of bullies' actions. Using data from 321 German adolescents (ages 12-18; M = 14.99; 44% girls), the association between bystanders' responses and normative beliefs about verbal aggression and cyberaggression, and affective and cognitive empathy, were tested in a path model. Both types of normative beliefs positively predicted the reinforcement of bullies, and normative belief about verbal aggression also predicted support for the victims of offline bullying. Both types of empathy predicted support in offline bullying, but only affective empathy predicted support in cyberbullying. There was no link between affective or cognitive empathy to the reinforcement of bullies. Moreover, bystanders' tendencies to respond supportively to the victim or to reinforce the bully were rather consistent in both cyber- and offline bullying, but there was no link between support and reinforcement. The findings are discussed with regard to implications for prevention and intervention efforts.

• MeSH
• afekt MeSH
• agrese psychologie   MeSH
• chování dětí psychologie   MeSH
• chování mladistvých psychologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• empatie * MeSH
• internet MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu psychologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• šikana * MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• sociální normy * MeSH
• studenti psychologie   MeSH
• vyrovnaná skupina * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH

Online hatred based on attributes, such as origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation, has become a rising public concern across the world. Past research on aggressive behavior suggests strong associations between victimization and perpetration and that toxic online disinhibition and sex might influence this relationship. However, no study investigated both the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration and the potential moderation effects of toxic online disinhibition on this relationship. To this end, the present study was conducted. The sample consists of 1,480 7th to 10th graders from Germany. Results revealed positive associations between online hate victimization and perpetration. Furthermore, the results support the idea that toxic online disinhibition and sex, by way of moderator effects, affect the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration. Victims of online hate reported more online hate perpetration when they reported higher levels of online disinhibition and less frequent online hate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. Additionally, the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration was significantly greater among boys than among girls. Taken together, our results extend previous findings to online hate involvement among adolescents and substantiate the importance to conduct more research on online hate. In addition, our findings highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs that help adolescents deal with the emerging issue of online hate.

• MeSH
• agrese MeSH
• inhibice (psychologie) * MeSH
• internet MeSH
• kyberšikana psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nenávist * MeSH
• oběti zločinu psychologie   MeSH
• sexuální chování psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH

BACKGROUND: Despite the implementation of antibullying policies, schools in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) witnessed an increase in bullying prevalence. The aim of our study was to assess bullying victimization in schools in the UAE, types of bullying, and factors and outcomes related to bullying behavior. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in randomly selected private and public schools in Al Ain City. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from students in grades 6-8 (Ages 10-15). We adapted the US CDC 'Bully Survey' for cultural relevance in the UAE through feedback from focus group meetings with teachers. Data analysis, conducted using R software, involved stratified analysis by school type and utilized Chi-Squared and Fisher's exact tests to identify factors associated with school bullying. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 723 students of whom 68% were males, and 58% were Emirati nationals. The overall prevalence of bullying victimization in schools was 37%, with 40% in private schools and 35% in public schools. Cyberbullying was more prevalent in private schools (37%). Physical bullying was reported by 20% and verbal bullying by 12%, with a higher prevalence of physical bullying in private schools (24%) and among males (23%). The study's findings showed significant emotional and academic impacts of bullying, including feelings of sadness and learning difficulties, contributing to a rise in school absenteeism. CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals widespread bullying victimization in UAE schools, mainly in classrooms, with group exclusion and verbal abuse as key forms. It underscores bullying's psychological impact and the greater awareness of parents compared to teachers. The effective intervention strategies should not only involve students, teachers, and school staff, but also actively engage parents by fostering stronger communication channels between schools and families, and providing parents with resources and training to recognize and address bullying. These strategies should aim to create a cohesive network involving the entire school community, thus fostering a safer and more inclusive environment for students. The findings stress the need for inclusive antibullying programs involving the entire school community to foster a safer environment.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu * statistika a číselné údaje   psychologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• šikana * statistika a číselné údaje   psychologie   MeSH
• školy * MeSH
• studenti psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené arabské emiráty MeSH