dry-off Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
The incidence of milk leakage (ML) after dry-off (DO) and related risk factors was studied in 1,175 dairy cows from 41 commercial herds in 8 European countries: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. Milk leakage was assessed twice for 30 s each during 3 visits at 20 to 24 h, 30 to 34 h, and 48 to 52 h after DO. Information related to dry-cow management and udder health was collected at herd and cow level, including individual somatic cell count (ISCC) from test-day controls and occurrence of clinical mastitis cases from DO until 30 d in lactation. Mixed-effect logistic regression analyses were used to identify possible risk factors for ML and to study the association between ML and new intramammary infections. Intramammary infections were defined as clinical mastitis cases during the dry period and in the first 30 d in lactation or a rise in ISCC from before to after the dry period (threshold: 200,000 cells/mL) or both. Milk leakage was observed in 24.5% of the cows between 20 and 52 h after DO, where the herd incidence varied between 0.0 and 77.8%. The reduction in number of milkings in the weeks before DO had statistically significant effect on the ML incidence. When the milking frequency was reduced from 3 times/d to 2 or maintained at twice a day, cows had 11 (95% CI = 3.43-35.46) or 9 (95% CI = 1.85-48.22) times higher odds of leaking milk, respectively, compared with cows where the milking frequency was reduced from twice to once a day. Also, the milk production 24 h before DO was associated with ML incidence. Hence, cows with a milk production between 13 and 21 L or above 21 L had 2.3 (95% CI = 1.48-3.53) and 3.1 (95% CI = 1.79-5.3) times higher odds of leaking milk, respectively, compared with cows with a milk production below 13 L. A higher ML incidence was present in the group of cows with an average ISCC in the last 3 mo before DO ≥200,000 cells/mL (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.13-2.41) compared with cows with an average ISCC <100,000 cells/mL. Quarters with ML tended to have 2.0 times higher odds of developing clinical mastitis compared with quarters not leaking milk. Cows with ML tended to have 1.5 times higher odds of intramammary infections (i.e., an increase of ISCC or clinical mastitis) compared with cows without ML.
- MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- laktace MeSH
- mastitida skotu epidemiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- mléčné žlázy zvířat patofyziologie MeSH
- mlékárenství * MeSH
- mléko cytologie MeSH
- nemoci skotu epidemiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- počet buněk veterinární MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Červené oko/oči mohou být způsobeny záněty předního segmentu oka, také úrazy oka a jinými očními stavy. Nutná je důkladná anamnéza (kromě oční, se ptáme i na celkové obtíže). Oční změny mohou signalizovat závažná celková onemocnění. Vyšetření je nutno provádět při dobrém osvětlení, nejlépe denním, pomocí lupy. Červené oko ale může ukazovat na poškození jiných struktur oka, která praktik sám diagnostikovat nebo léčit nemůže a pacienta je nutné poslat k očnímu lékaři. Článek je dělen na postižení struktur předního segmentu a úrazy oka.
Red eye/eyes can be caused by inflammation of the anterior segment of the eye, as well as eye injuries and other eye conditions. What is needed is a thorough history (except ophthalmic - we ask the difficulty of the whole body). Ocular changes may signal serious systemic diseases. Investigations must be carried out in a good light, preferably daily, using a magnifying glass. Red eye but may indicate damage to other structures of the eye, that practice cannot diagnose alone or treat, a patient needs to be sent to an ophthalmologist. The article is divided into damaged structures of the anterior segment of the eye.
- Klíčová slova
- červené oko,
- MeSH
- alergická konjunktivitida patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- bakteriální konjunktivitida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- blefaritida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- glaukom komplikace terapie MeSH
- iritida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- keratitida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- konjunktivitida diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhlé příhody MeSH
- oční infekce * diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- orbitocelulitida diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- poranění oka * diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- předání pacienta do jiné péče MeSH
- primární zdravotní péče MeSH
- skleritida etiologie terapie MeSH
- syndromy suchého oka diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- virová konjunktivitida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Červené oko/oči mohou být způsobeny záněty předního segmentu oka, také úrazy oka a jinými očními stavy. Nutná je důkladná anamnéza (kromě oční, se ptáme i na celkové obtíže). Oční změny mohou signalizovat závažná celková onemocnění. Vyšetření je nutno provádět při dobrém osvětlení, nejlépe denním, pomocí lupy. Červené oko ale může ukazovat na poškození jiných struktur oka, která praktik sám diagnostikovat nebo léčit nemůže a pacienta je nutné poslat k očnímu lékaři. Článek je dělen na postižení struktur předního segmentu a úrazy oka.
Red eye/eyes can be caused by inflammation of the anterior segment of the eye, as well as eye injuries and other eye conditions. What is needed is a thorough history (except ophthalmic - we ask the difficulty of the whole body). Ocular changes may signal serious systemic diseases. Investigations must be carried out in a good light, preferably daily, using a magnifying glass. Red eye but may indicate damage to other structures of the eye, that practice cannot diagnose alone or treat, a patient needs to be sent to an ophthalmologist. The article is divided into damaged structures of the anterior segment of the eye.
- Klíčová slova
- červené oko,
- MeSH
- alergická konjunktivitida patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- bakteriální konjunktivitida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- blefaritida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- glaukom komplikace terapie MeSH
- iritida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- keratitida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- konjunktivitida diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhlé příhody MeSH
- oční infekce * diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- orbitocelulitida diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- poranění oka * diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- předání pacienta do jiné péče MeSH
- primární zdravotní péče MeSH
- skleritida etiologie terapie MeSH
- syndromy suchého oka diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- virová konjunktivitida etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
re- -- -tion, -ity, -ness, -ment -- • 11 C 1 1 -- -ive, -y, -able, -ful, -less -- to dream/a dream; dry /to dry -- CCS • 1 -- traffic jam, mother tongue -- well-known, easy-going -- 10 -- 11 -- 12 -- 13 -- depend on, interested in -- by mistake, on holiday -- wake up, find out, run out of sth. -- take sth. off
1sl ed. 142 s.
The aim of this study was to compare 2 dry-cow management strategies and evaluate the effect of shortened dry period strategy on feed intake, metabolism, and postpartum performance of dairy cows in early lactation. Twenty-nine high-yielding dairy cows were divided into 2 groups. The control (CON) group (n=14) was assigned to a traditional dry period of approximately 60 d (57±5.9 d) and was fed a far-off dry cow ration from dry-off to -21 d relative to expected parturition. From d -21 relative to expected parturition, the cows were switched to a precalving ration containing an additional 3kg of concentrates. The cows of the experimental group (n=15) were assigned to a shortened dry period (SDP; 35±6.3 d) and were continuously fed a late-lactation diet from d -60 d relative to expected parturition until calving. After calving, both groups were fed the same lactation diet corresponding to their lactation requirements and cows were followed for 100 d of lactation. Prepartum dry matter intake of the cows assigned to an SDP and fed a late-lactation diet was approximately 4.11kg/cow per day greater compared with the CON group during the 60 d. However, no effect of dry period strategy on postpartum dry matter intake was detected. The cows with an SDP produced approximately 2.78kg/d (6.9%) less milk in the first 100 d of lactation than CON cows; the difference was not statistically significant. No differences were observed in live body weight, body condition score, or back-fat thickness between the treatments. Similarly, no differences existed in concentrations of plasma metabolites. The cows of the SDP group showed lower pH and increased concentrations of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids prepartum than the CON cows. Postpartum concentrations of lactic acid, volatile fatty acids, and NH3 and pH in rumen fluid did not differ between the treatments. Shortening of the dry period did not affect the colostrum quality or birth weights of the calves. Based on the results of this study, a traditional dry period management strategy appeared to be more favorable, considering the dry matter intake and milk production, compared with an SDP and feeding a late-lactation diet throughout the dry period.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- kyselina mléčná analýza MeSH
- kyseliny mastné těkavé analýza MeSH
- laktace fyziologie MeSH
- mlékárenství metody MeSH
- mléko MeSH
- poporodní období MeSH
- porod MeSH
- skot * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot * MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Lední hokej a gymnastika jsou dva rozdílné sporty se specifickým obsahem a specifickými motorickými nároky. Přes tyto rozdílnosti mohou být gymnastická průpravná cvičení vhodným doplňkem suché přípravy hokejistů prováděné mimo ledovou plochu. Gymnastická průpravná cvičení jsou charakte-ristická společnou stimulací kondičních a koordinačních pohybových funkcí s pozitivním dopadem na výkonné i řídicí složky. Rozvíjejí způsobilost koordinovat pohyb tělesných segmentů v prostoru a čase, kinestetickou citlivost a diferenciaci. Kromě toho přináší zařazování gymnastických průprav i kompenzační efekt vůči jednostranné zátěži s pozitivním dopadem v oblasti zdravotní prevence. Výsledky dotazníkového šetření mezi trenéry ledního hokeje mládežnických kategorií (11–17 let) vy-kazují výraznou podporu zařazování těchto aktivit v rámci suché přípravy. Z oslovených trenérů 74 % uvedlo, že gymnastické průpravy jsou pravidelnou součástí sportovní přípravy jejich týmů a 25 % je zařazuje nepravidelně. Na dotaz, jestli považují tento druh suché přípravy za účelný a má jejich podporu (bez ohledu na to, jestli jej zařazují) odpovědělo 81 % určitě ano, 19 % spíše ano a nikdo z oslovených respondentů se nevyjádřil negativně.
Ice hockey and gymnastics are two different sports with the specific content and specific motor abili-ties claims. In spite of these differences can be gymnastic preparation a good complement to the dry preparation carried out-off ice rink. Gymnastic exercises are based on joint stimulation of fitness func-tions and coordination functions with a positive impact on the performance and control folder. They develop the capacity to coordinate the movement of body segments in space, kinestetic sensitivity and differentiation. In addition, the gymnastic preparations brings a compensatory effect against unilateral load with a positive impact in the area of health prevention. The results of a questionnaire survey among the coaches ice hockey of youth category (11–17 years) reported strong support of the inclusion gymnastic activities in dry preparation. From the polled coaches 74 % said that gymnastic preparations are a regular part of sports training their teams and 25 % indicated posibility “irregularly”. When asked if they consider this kind of dry preparation for efficient and support of them (regardless if they do it) 81 % responded definitely Yes, 19 % rather Yes, and noone of the polled respondents reported No, or rather No.
- MeSH
- gymnastika trendy výchova MeSH
- hokej * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické dovednosti MeSH
- sporty MeSH
- techniky cvičení a pohybu MeSH
- tělesná výchova MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Vztahy mezi dávkou a odpovědí nejsou u antipsychotik dostatečně dobře prozkoumány. U novějších antipsychotik s více farmakologickými cíli pak nelze redukovat tyto vztahy pouze na úroveň obsazenosti dopaminergních receptorů. Obecně u většiny antipsychotik neexistuje lineární vztah mezí dávkou a efektem. Mezi příčiny patří mj. i farmakokinetické faktory ovlivňující plazmatické hladiny. Na základě metaanalýz sledujících závislost účinku na dávce se ukazuje, že křivka má zvonovitý charakter. U některých antipsychotik se jeví, že i zvyšování dávky nad doporučené rozmezí by mohlo přinést další nárůst účinnosti. Je třeba zdůraznit, že se jedná o off-label postup a nelze jej paušálně doporučit a pro obecné validní závěry není ani u těchto antipsychotik dostatečná evidence. Cestu k četnějšímu monitoringu hladin a lepšímu poznání vztahu dávka-odpověď by mohly otevřít miniinvazivní vzorkování a alternativní matrice, jako jsou sliny nebo suchá krevní kapka.
Dose-response relationships are not fully understood for antipsychotics. Especially in the case of multimodal antipsychotics, these relationships cannot be simplified to the level of dopaminergic receptor occupancy alone. In general, for most antipsychotics, there is no linear dose-response relationship. Reasons for this include, among others, pharmacokinetic factors affecting plasma levels. Based on meta-analyses, the doseresponse curve appears to be bell-shaped. However, in the case of some antipsychotics, it appears that even increasing the dose beyond the recommended range could yield further increases in efficacy. It should be stressed that this is an off-label procedure and cannot generally be recommended and there is not enough valid information for general conclusions for these antipsychotics either. Mini-invasive sampling and alternative matrices such as saliva or dry blood spots could open the way to more frequent monitoring of antipsychotics and a better understanding of doseresponse relationships.
- Klíčová slova
- závislost účinku na dávce,
- MeSH
- antipsychotika aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- bezpečnost MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lurasidon hydrochlorid * aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- monitorování léčiv MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Akné je časté kožní onemocnění, na jehož vzniku se podílejí zejména genetické faktory, hormonální vlivy a osídlení kůže bakteriemi Propionibacterium acnes a Staphylococcus epidermidis. V současné době je k dispozici široké spektrum léčebných prostředků, které tlumí tvorbu mazu a mají protizánětlivé a keratolytické účinky. Častým nežádoucím účinkem léčby je přesušená, podrážděná a olupující se kůže. Prostředky léčebné kosmetiky obsahující kyselinu mléčnou obnovují hydrataci, zklidňují podráždění, zmírňují olupování kůže a jsou kompatibilní s retinoidy, benzoylperoxidem i lokálními antibiotiky, které jsou používány k cílené zevní terapii akné.
Acne is a frequent disease of the skin. It has a complex etiopathogenesis, where genetic and hormonal factors are predominant. Further, bacterias like Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis settled in the skin play important roles, too. Broad spectrum of substances suppressing production of sebum, having also an anti-inflammatory and/or keratolytic effects are currently available. However, these substances often have side effects resulting in irritated, extremely dry skin, frequently peeling off, too. Medicinal cosmetics containing the lactic acid provide skin with rehydration. They turn down the skin irritation and peeling. As far as they are compatible with retinoids, benzoylperoxide, as well as with topical antibiotics, they can be used in concomitant dermatologicaly and beauty care.
As is the case with batch-based tableting processes, continuous tablet manufacturing can be conducted by direct compression or with a granulation step such as dry or wet granulation included in the production procedure. In this work, continuous manufacturing tests were performed with a commercial tablet formulation, while maintaining its original material composition. Challenges were encountered with the feeding performance of the API during initial tests which required designing different powder pre-blend compositions. After the pre-blend optimization phase, granules were prepared with a roller compactor. Tableting was conducted with the granules and an additional brief continuous direct compression run was completed with some ungranulated mixture. The tablets were assessed with off-line tests, applying the quality requirements demanded for the batch-manufactured product. Chemical maps were obtained by Raman mapping and elemental maps by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Large variations in both tablet weights and breaking forces were observed in all tested samples, resulting in significant quality complications. It was suspected that the API tended to adhere to the process equipment, accounting for the low API content in the powder mixture and tablets. These results suggest that this API or the tablet composition was unsuitable for manufacturing in a continuous line; further testing could be continued with different materials and changes in the process.
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites that transmit a wide range of pathogens. The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is one of the most widely distributed ticks in the Midwest and Eastern United States. Lone star ticks, as other three-host ixodid ticks, can survive in harsh environments for extended periods without a blood meal. Physiological mechanisms that allow them to survive during hot and dry seasons include thermal tolerance and water homeostasis. Dermal fluid secretions have been described in metastriate ticks including A. americanum. We hypothesized that tick dermal secretion in the unfed tick plays a role in thermoregulation, as described in other hematophagous arthropods during blood feeding. In this study, we found that physical contact with a heat probe at 45 °C or high environmental temperature at ∼50 °C can trigger dermal secretion in A. americanum and other metastriate ticks in the off-host period. We demonstrated that dermal secretion plays a role in evaporative cooling when ticks are exposed to high temperatures. We find that type II dermal glands, having paired two cells and forming large glandular structures, are the source of dermal secretion. The secretion was triggered by an injection of serotonin, and the serotonin-mediated secretion was suppressed by a pretreatment with ouabain, a Na/K-ATPase blocker, implying that the secretion is controlled by serotonin and the downstream Na/K-ATPase.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfatasy MeSH
- Amblyomma MeSH
- Ixodidae * fyziologie MeSH
- klíšťata * MeSH
- serotonin MeSH
- termoregulace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké MeSH