INTRODUCTION: Animal and human ancestors developed complex physiological and behavioral response systems to cope with two types of threats: immediate physical harm from predators or conspecifics, triggering fear, and the risk of infections from parasites and pathogens leading to the evolution of the behavioral immune system with disgust as the key emotion. Integration of the evolutionary concepts of the fear module and behavioral immune systems has been infrequent, despite the significant survival advantages of disgust in various contexts. Studies comparing attention to ancestral and modern threats accompanied by fear have yielded ambiguous results and what qualifies as salient modern disgusting stimuli remains unclear. We do not know whether disgust or the behavioral immune system, as inherent aspects of human psychology, have adapted to safeguard us from pandemic risks or poisoning by modern toxic substances. METHODS: To test these effects, we have developed a survey comprised of 60 short vignettes describing threats evoking fear and disgust belonging to one of the three main categories of threats: (1) ancestral (phylogenetic), (2) modern (ontogenetic), and (3) pandemics of airborne disease. Each vignette was evaluated on a 7-point Likert scale based on fear, disgust, and anger. In total, 660 respondents completed the survey. The data were analysed using a factor analysis and general linear model with the respondent as a random factor. RESULTS: The results show that the strongest fear is triggered by modern threats (electricity, car accidents), while the highest disgust is evoked by ancient threats (body waste products, worms, etc.). Interestingly, disgust does not respond to modern threat stimuli such as toxic substances or radioactivity as these evoke mainly fear and anger. Finally, a distinct response pattern was found for pandemic threats, in which both fear (e.g., of disease and death) and disgust (e.g., of used face masks) are employed. DISCUSSION: Our study offers valuable insights into the emotional responses to ancestral and modern threats and their adaptation to pandemic challenges. Ancestral threats are not always more powerful stimuli than adequate threats of the modern type, but they function specifically. Thus, snakes and heights as fear-inducing ancestral threats form separate factors in a multivariate analysis, whereas all ancestral disgust stimuli group together. The threat of a pandemic forms a specific category and people process it emotionally and cognitively. These insights contribute to our understanding of human psychology and behavior in an ever-changing world.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

According to the fear module theory, humans are evolutionarily predisposed to perceive snakes as prioritized stimuli and exhibit a fast emotional and behavioral response toward them. In Europe, highly dangerous snake species are distributed almost exclusively in the Mediterranean and Caspian areas. While the risk of a snakebite is relatively low in Central Europe, Azerbaijan, on the other hand, has a high occurrence of the deadly venomous Levant viper (Macrovipera lebetina). We hypothesize that co-habitation with this dangerous snake has shaped the way in which humans evaluate snake species resembling it. For that purpose, we asked respondents from the Czech Republic and Azerbaijan to rank photographs depicting 36 snake species according to perceived fear and beauty. The results revealed a high cross-cultural agreement in both evaluations (fear r2 = 0.683, p < 0.0001; beauty: r2 = 0.816, p < 0.0001). Snakes species eliciting higher fear tend to be also perceived as more beautiful, yet people are able to clearly distinguish between these two dimensions. Deadly venomous snakes representing a serious risk are perceived as highly fearful. This is especially true for the vipers and allies (pit vipers) possessing a characteristic body shape with a distinct triangular head and thick body, which was found as the most fear evoking by respondents from both countries. Although the attitude toward snakes is more negative among the respondents from Azerbaijan, their fear evaluation is similar to the Czechs. For instance, despite co-habitation with the Levant viper, it was not rated by the Azerbaijanis as more fearful than other dangerous snakes. In conclusion, agreement in the evaluation of snake fear and beauty is cross-culturally high and relative fear attributed to selected snake species is not directly explainable by the current environmental and cultural differences. This may provide some support for the evolutionary hypothesis of preparedness to fear snakes.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Src homology 3-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2-like endophilin interacting protein 1 (SGIP1) interacts with cannabinoid CB1 receptors. SGIP1 is abundantly and principally expressed within the nervous system. SGIP1 and CB1 receptors co-localize in axons and presynaptic boutons. SGIP1 interferes with the internalization of activated CB1 receptors in transfected heterologous cells. Consequently, the transient association of CB1 receptors with β-arrestin2 is enhanced and prolonged, and CB1 receptor-mediated ERK1/2 signalling is decreased. Because of these actions, SGIP1 may modulate affect, anxiety, pain processing, and other physiological processes controlled by the endocannabinoid system (ECS). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Using a battery of behavioural tests, we investigated the consequences of SGIP1 deletion in tasks regulated by the ECS in SGIP1 constitutive knockout (SGIP1-/- ) mice. KEY RESULTS: In SGIP1-/- mice, sensorimotor gating, exploratory levels, and working memory are unaltered. SGIP1-/- mice have decreased anxiety-like behaviours. Fear extinction to tone is facilitated in SGIP1-/- females. Several cannabinoid tetrad behaviours are altered in the absence of SGIP1. SGIP1-/- males exhibit abnormal behaviours on Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol withdrawal. SGIP1 deletion also reduces acute nociception, and SGIP1-/- mice are more sensitive to analgesics. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: SGIP1 was detected as a novel protein associated with CB1 receptors, and profoundly modified CB1 receptor signalling. Genetic deletion of SGIP1 particularly affected behavioural tests of mood-related assessment and the cannabinoid tetrad. SGIP1-/- mice exhibit decreased nociception and augmented responses to CB1 receptor agonists and morphine. These in vivo findings suggest that SGIP1 is a novel modulator of CB1 receptor-mediated behaviour.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční fyziologie   MeSH
• afekt MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• extinkce (psychologie) MeSH
• kanabinoidy MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nocicepce * MeSH
• receptor kanabinoidní CB1 * genetika   MeSH
• receptory kanabinoidní MeSH
• strach MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

• MeSH
• antagonisté receptorů GABA-A MeSH
• benzodiazepiny metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory GABA-A metabolismus   MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NLK Obory
• biochemie
• farmacie a farmakologie

Depresivní porucha patří mezi časté psychické poruchy. Podstatná část pacientů s touto poruchou se nedostává k adekvátní terapii. Mezi hlavní důvody patří snížená dostupnost péče a strach ze stigmatizace. V řadě západních zemí, jako jsou Švédsko, Austrálie, Německo, Velká Británie, Nizozemí, Švýcarsko nebo Spojené státy, tyto bariéry snižují internetové terapeutické programy, které představují účinnou a nízkonákladovou pomoc jedincům s lehkými až středně závažnými příznaky deprese. Tyto programy zpravidla vychází z principů kognitivně behaviorální terapie a psychoedukace, mají interaktivní obsah a sebezkušenostní cvičení. Většina nabízí i pomoc vyškoleného terapeuta. Programy bez podpory terapeuta jsou také účinné. Ukazuje se však, že intervence s intervencemi terapeuta vykazují vyšší efektivitu. Některé země, jako je Velká Británie, mají bohatou tradici výzkumu účinnosti těchto programů a zařadily je do krokové péče a doporučených postupů léčby. V České republice dosud tyto programy chyběly. Česká platforma Mindwell nabízí internetový KBT program pro jedince s lehkými a středně těžkými příznaky deprese. Tento program má 12 modulů, ve kterých se systematicky rozvíjejí jednotlivé internetové strategie účinné pro zmírňování deprese. V současnosti se dokončuje výzkum uživatelské přívětivosti programu, v blízké budoucnosti bude následovat analýza jeho účinnosti.

Depressive disorder is a common mental disorder. A considerable part of the patients does not receive adequate therapy. The main reasons are the low availability of treatment and fear of stigmatisation. Online therapeutic programs reduce these barriers in many Western countries, such as Sweden, Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. These programs present efficacious and cost-effective help for individuals with mild and moderate symptoms of depression. They are usually based on principles of cognitive behavioural therapy and psychoeducation and offer interactive content and help from a trained therapist. Purely self-guided programs are also efficacious. However, the guided programs seem more effective. The United Kingdom and several other countries have a rich tradition of researching these programs and integrating them into the stepped care and the guidelines. Until recently, Czech patients did not have the option to access such programs in their mother tongue. The Czech platform Mindwell offers an online CBT program for individuals with mild and moderate symptoms of depression. This program has 12 modules that systematically develop individual online strategies effective for alleviating depressive symptoms. The team finishes a feasibility study, and an effective analysis will follow.

• Klíčová slova
• program Mindwell,
• MeSH
• deprese * prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• internetová intervence * MeSH
• kognitivně behaviorální terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• telemedicína MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Here we present a complex hypothesis about the psychosomatic mechanism of serotonergic psychedelics. Serotonergic psychedelics affect gut microbes that produce a temporary increase of 5-HT by their host enterochromaffin cells (ECs). This increased 5-HT production-which is taken up and distributed by platelets-may work as a hormone-like regulatory signal that could influence membrane permeability in the host organs and tissues and in the brain. Increased plasma 5-HT levels could enhance permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Transiently increased permeability of the BBB allows for plasma 5-HT to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and be distributed by the volume transmission. Next, this gut-derived 5-HT could modulate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and produce special network disintegration in the CNS. This transient perturbation of the normal neural hierarchy allows patients access to suppressed fear information and perform an emotional reset, in which the amygdale may have a key role.

• MeSH
• halucinogeny * MeSH
• hematoencefalická bariéra MeSH
• hormony MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• serotonin * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The cerebellum has a striking homogeneous cytoarchitecture and participates in both motor and non-motor domains. Indeed, a wealth of evidence from neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and clinical studies has substantially modified our traditional view on the cerebellum as a sole calibrator of sensorimotor functions. Despite the major advances of the last four decades of cerebellar research, outstanding questions remain regarding the mechanisms and functions of the cerebellar circuitry. We discuss major clues from both experimental and clinical studies, with a focus on rodent models in fear behaviour, on the role of the cerebellum in motor control, on cerebellar contributions to timing and our appraisal of the pathogenesis of cerebellar tremor. The cerebellum occupies a central position to optimize behaviour, motor control, timing procedures and to prevent body oscillations. More than ever, the cerebellum is now considered as a major actor on the scene of disorders affecting the CNS, extending from motor disorders to cognitive and affective disorders. However, the respective roles of the mossy fibres, the climbing fibres, cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei remains unknown or partially known at best in most cases. Research is now moving towards a better definition of the roles of cerebellar modules and microzones. This will impact on the management of cerebellar disorders.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Panická porucha je psychická porucha charakterizovaná rekurentními panickými atakami, které jsou doprovázeny výraznými somatickými a psychickými symptomy. Navzdory definovanému klinickému obrazu a ověřeným algoritmům léčby zůstává etiopatogeneze panické poruchy nejasná. Vzhledem k záchvatovému charakteru poruchy a symptomové rozmanitosti přinášejí funkční zobrazovací metody nejednoznačné výsledky. Nejlépe rozpracované jsou neurotransmiterové teorie opírající se o prokazatelnou úspěšnost antidepresiv. Tyto zahrnují roli řady neurotrasmiterů podílejících se na modulaci okruhu strachu (serotonin, noradrenalin, gamaaminomáselná kyselina, glutamát, kortikoliberin aj.). Z neuroanatomického hlediska se zdá pro spuštění panické ataky klíčová role centrálního jádra amygdaly, z nějž vystupuje velké množství drah zapojených do přípravy panické reakce. Oproti tomu protrahované úzkostné ladění je spojeno s aktivací lůžkového jádra striae terminalis. Celý proces je však komplexní a zahrnuje interakce jak s centry mozkového kmene, tak s vyššími centry kortikálními. Jejich role spočívá v modulaci afektivity limbického systému a jeho podřízení volním procesům.

Panic disorder is a mental disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks accompanied by significant somatic and psychological symptoms. Ethiopathogenesis of panic disorder remains unclear although clinical manifestation and proven algorithms of treatment are known. Due to paroxysmal nature of the disorder and its symptoms, functional imaging techniques provide ambiguous results. Leading neurotransmitter theories are based on the proven efficacy of antidepressants treatment. This includes the role of the neurotransmitters involved in modulation of fear circuit (serotonin, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, cortikoliberin etc.). From neuroanatomical point of view, the nucleus of amygdala, with a large number of pathways involved in the panic reaction, plays the key role in triggering panic attacks. In contrast, prolonged anxiety is associated with activation of bed nucleus striae terminalis. The entire process is complex and involves interaction of the brainstem and cortical centres, the role of which consists of affective modulation of the limbic system and its regulation by volitional processes. Key words: panic disorder – magnetic resonance imaging – positron emission tomography –serotonin – norepinephrine – amygdala –locus coeruleus – prefrontal lobes The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manu­script met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.

• MeSH
• amygdala fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• locus coeruleus fyziologie   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• modely neurologické * MeSH
• neurotransmiterové látky MeSH
• noradrenalin fyziologie   MeSH
• panická porucha * etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra fyziologie   MeSH
• receptory neurotransmiterů MeSH
• serotonin * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Východisko: U včasných foriem karcinómu prsníka priniesla modifikovaná radikálna mastektómia (MRM) i semi-konzervatívna prsník-záchovná chirurgia (BCS – Breast Conserving Surgery, lumpektómia, kvadrantektómia) ekvivalentné klinické výsledky. Na druhej strane – bez ohľadu na rozsah chirurgickej intervencie – je kvalita života a pravdepodobne i priemerná doba prežívania pacientok negatívne ovplyvnená obavami z rekurencie nádorovej choroby a dôsledkami agresívnej terapie, ktoré vyvolávajú epizódy anxiozity, depresie a frustrácie sprevádzané kognitívnymi, emocionálnymi a behaviorálnymi poruchami v oblasti ich fyzikálnej, rodinnej, sexuálnej a sociálnej funkčnosti. Cieľom našej štúdie bolo analyzovať dynamiku vývoja psychosociálnej záťaže a kvalitatívne zmeny jej symptomatológie u prežívajúcich pacientok jeden a tri roky po MRM verzus BCS. Metódy: K posúdeniu miery psychosociálnej morbidity u operovaných pacientok boli použité štandardizované dotazníky Európskej organizácie pre výskum a liečenie rakoviny – dotazník EORTC QLQ-C30.3 (Quality of Life-C.30.3) a jeho modul EORTC QLQ- BR23, poskytnuté touto medzinárodnou organizáciou v slovenskej verzii. Analýzy boli prevedené v dvoch ramenách pacientok jeden a tri roky po MRM vs BCS. Výsledky: Skóre kvality života pacientok 1 rok po MRM i po BCS sa pohybovalo v nízkych číslach (2–4, veľmi zlá – znesiteľná). Tri roky po operácii 78 % pacientok po BCS skórovalo v rozpätí 5–6 (dobrá – veľmi dobrá) až 22 % pacientok udávalo nízke skóre kvality života porovnateľné so skupinou pacientok po MRM. Kým psychosociálna záťaž a prejavy rizikového behaviorálneho profilu pretrvávajú u pacientok po MRM v plnom rozsahu aj tri roky po operácii, pacientky prežívajúce tri roky po BCS trpia zvýšenou emocionálnou dysfunkciou. Záver: Posun kvality a intenzity symptómov psychosociálnej morbidity pacientok 3 roky po BCS si vyžaduje zvláštnu pozornosť na mimo nemocničnú psychosociálnu intervenciu a psychosociálnu prevenciu vzhľadom na negatívny dopad pretrvávajúcej a meniacej sa psychosociálnej záťaže na kvalitu života a prežívajúcich pacientok a dĺžku trvania remisie nádorového ochorenia.

Backgrounds: Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy, quadrantectomy – BCS) have shown equivalent clinical outcome in early stage breast cancer. On the other hand, quality of life and, probably, survival time of these patients are negatively influenced by fear of cancer recurrence, leading to episodes of anxiety, depression, and frustration, and, subsequently, physical, marital, sexual, and social functioning disorders. The aim of the present study was to analyze the dynamics and qualitative changes in psychosocial morbidity outcomes in breast cancer survivors one and three years after MRM versus BCS. Methods: A survey evaluating psychosocial morbidity of patients was performed by distributing Slovak version of the standardised EORTC-QLQ.C30:3 and EORTC-QLQ-BR23 questionnaires provided by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. The survey was performed in both arms of breast cancer patients surviving one and three years after MRM versus BCS. Results: Patients surviving one year post MRM or BCS scored their quality of life rather low (2–4, very bad – acceptable), while 78% patients surviving three years after BSC scored considerably higher (5–6, good – very good). However, 22% of patients in this arm considered their quality of life bad, scoring comparably with patients in the MRM arm. While psychosocial burden and behavioural risk profile remain fully expressed in MRM-treated breast cancer patients three years post surgery, the patients surviving three years after BCS suffer from significant emotional dysfunction. Conclusion: The shift in the quality and intensity of psychosocial dysfunction symptoms in breast cancer patients surviving three years after BCS requires greater attention related to the need for appropriate community-based psychosocial interventions and psychosocial prevention due to the negative impact of continuing and even accelerated psychosocial distress on the quality of life of surviving patients and remission period of the malignant disease.

• MeSH
• deprese etiologie   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mastektomie modifikovaná radikální MeSH
• nádory prsu chirurgie   psychologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• segmentální mastektomie MeSH
• úzkost etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

• MeSH
• biologická psychiatrie MeSH
• duševní poruchy prevence a kontrola   terapie   diagnóza   MeSH
• vývojová biologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• neurovědy
• psychiatrie