• MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• sociální vědy metody   MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Sociologie
• NLK Obory
• sociologie

AIMS: Over a million confirmed cases of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) across 16 European countries were observed during the first wave of the pandemic. Epidemiological measures like the case fatality rate (CFR) are generally used to determine the severity of the illness. The aim is to investigate the impact of the age structure of reported cases on the reported CFR and possibilities of its demographic adjustment for a better cross-country comparison (age-standardized CFRs, time delay between cases detection and death). METHODS: This longitudinal study uses prospective, population-based data covering 150 days, starting on the day of confirmation of the 100th case in each country. COVerAGE-DB and the Human Mortality Database were used in this regard. The age-standardized CFRs were calculated with and without the time delay of the number of deaths after the confirmation of the cases. RESULTS: The observed decline in the CFRs at the end of the first wave is partly given by the changes in the age structure of confirmed cases. Using the adjusted (age-standardized) CFRs with time delay, the risk of death among confirmed cases is much more stable in comparison to crude (observed) CFRs. CONCLUSIONS: Preventing the spread of COVID-19 among the elderly is an important way to positively influence the overall fatality rate, decrease the number of deaths, and not overload the health systems. The crude CFRs (still often presented) are not sufficient for a proper evaluation of the development across populations nor as a means of identifying the influencing factors.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Meta-analyses of cross-sectional studies suggest that patients with psychosis have higher circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) compared with healthy controls; however, cause and effect is unclear. We examined the prospective association between CRP levels and subsequent risk of developing a psychotic disorder by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Databases were searched for prospective studies of CRP and psychosis. We obtained unpublished results, including adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, and socioeconomic status and suspected infection (CRP > 10 mg/L). Based on random effect meta-analysis of 89,792 participants (494 incident cases of psychosis at follow-up), the pooled odds ratio (OR) for psychosis for participants with high (>3 mg/L), as compared to low (≤3 mg/L) CRP levels at baseline was 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-2.07). Evidence for this association remained after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted OR [aOR] = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03-1.66). After excluding participants with suspected infection, the OR for psychosis was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.06-1.74), but the association attenuated after controlling for confounders (aOR = 1.23; 95% CI, 0.95-1.60). Using CRP as a continuous variable, the pooled OR for psychosis per standard deviation increase in log(CRP) was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.93-1.34), and this association further attenuated after controlling for confounders (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.90-1.27) and excluding participants with suspected infection (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.92-1.24). There was no association using CRP as a categorical variable (low, medium or high). While we provide some evidence of a longitudinal association between high CRP (>3 mg/L) and psychosis, larger studies are required to enable definitive conclusions.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• diabetes mellitus mortalita   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• infarkt myokardu komplikace   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Cílem práce je posouzení změn tvaru zubního oblouku po léčbě fixními a snímacími přístroji neextrakčním postupem. Statistická analýza rozměru a tvaru zubního oblouku byla provedena před zahájením a po ukončení ortodontické léčby a při kontrolním vyšetření v odstupu 3–5 let. Nasnímané sádrové modely zubních oblouků pomocí skaneru na obrazovku počítače byly zpracovány digitalizací v rámci programu Kefalo. Byla provedena segmentální analýza, dentální diskrepance v zubním oblouku, stanoveny hodnoty Boltonova indexu a navržena ideální křivka okluze ve frontálním a premolárovém úseku dolní čelisti. Naše sdělení navazuje na naši studii, ve které byl posouzen tvar a rozměry horního a dolního zubního oblouku vybraného vzorku mladší dospělé populace [1].

The objective of the work was to evaluate changes in the shape of the dental arch after treatment with fixed and removable devices without extraction. Statistical analysis of the dimensions and shape of the dental arch was implemented before the onset and after termination of orthodontic treatment and during a check-up examination after an interval of 3–5 years. The plaster models of dental arches obtained by means of a scanner on the computer screen were processed by digitalization within the framework of thr Kefalo programme. Segmental analysis was made, dental discrepancy in the dental arch values of Bolton’s index were assessed and an ideal occlusion curve in the frontal and premolar section of the mandible was suggested. The presented paper is based on a study by the authors where the shape and dimensions of the upper and lower dental arch of a selected sample of the junior adult population was evaluated [1].

• MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• ortodontické aktivátory snímatelné MeSH
• software MeSH
• testy zrakového pole MeSH
• úprava zubní okluze MeSH
• zubní modely MeSH
• zubní oblouk růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Background: Gender discrimination may be a novel mechanism through which gender inequality negatively affects the health of women and girls. We investigated whether children's mental health varied with maternal exposure to perceived gender discrimination. Methods: Complete longitudinal data was available on 2,567 mother-child dyads who were enrolled between March 1, 1991 and June 30, 1992 in the European Longitudinal Cohort Study of Pregnancy and Childhood-Czech cohort and were surveyed at multiple time points between pregnancy and child age up to 15 years. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was administered at child age 7, 11, and 15 years to assess child emotional/behavioural difficulties. Perceived gender discrimination was self-reported in mid-pregnancy and child age 7 and 11 years. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression of SDQ scores were estimated. Mediation was tested using structural equation models. Findings: Perceived gender discrimination, reported by 11.2% of mothers in mid-pregnancy, was related to increased emotional/behavioural difficulties among children in bivariate analysis (slope = 0.24 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15, 0.32], p<0.0001) and in the fully adjusted model (slope = 0.18 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.27], p<0.0001). Increased difficulties were evident among children of mothers with more depressive symptoms (slope = 0.04 [95% CI: 0.03, 0.05], p<0.0001), boys (slope = 0.26 [95% CI: 0.19, 0.34], p<0.0001), first children (slope = 0.16 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.23], p<0.0001), and families under financial hardship (slope = 0.09 [95% CI: 0.04, 0.14], p<0.0001). Effects were attenuated for married mothers (slope-0.12 [95% CI: -0.22, -0.01], p<0.05]. Maternal depressive symptoms and financial hardship mediated about 37% and 13%, respectively, of the total effect of perceived gender discrimination on SDQ scores. Interpretation: Perceived gender discrimination among child-bearing women in family contexts was associated with more mental health problems among their children and adolescents, extending prior research showing associations with maternal mental health problems. Maternal depressive symptoms and, to a lesser extent, financial hardship both partially mediated the positive relationship between perceived gender discrimination and child emotional/behavioural problems. This should be taken into consideration when measuring the societal burden of gender inequality and gender-based discrimination. Moreover, gender-based discrimination affects more than one gender and more than one generation, extending to boys in the household even moreso than girls, highlighting that gender discrimination is everyone's issue. Further research is required on the intergenerational mechanisms whereby gender discrimination may lead to maternal and child mental health consequences. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, Czech Republic and European Structural and Investment Funds.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD) may result from defects of transcription factors that govern early pituitary development. We aimed to establish the prevalence of HESX1, PROP1, and POU1F1 gene defects in a population-based cohort of patients with MPHD and to analyse the phenotype of affected individuals. DESIGN AND METHODS: Genomic analysis was carried out on 74 children and adults with MPHD from the Czech Republic (including four sibling pairs). Phenotypic data were collected from medical records and referring physicians. RESULTS: One patient carried a heterozygous mutation of POU1F1 (71C > T), and 18 patients (including three sibling pairs) had a PROP1 mutation (genotypes 150delA/301delGA/9/, 301delGA/301-delGA/8/, or 301delGA/349T > A/1/). A detailed longitudinal phenotypic analysis was performed for patients with PROP1 mutations (n = 17). The mean ( +/-s.d.) birth length SDS of these patients (0.12 +/- 0.76) was lower than expected based on their mean ( +/-s.d.) birth weight SDS (0.63 +/- 1.27; P = 0.01). Parental heights were normal. The patients' mean ( +/-s.d.) height SDS declined to -1.5 +/- 0.9, -3.6 +/- 1.3 and -4.1 +/- 1.2 at 1.5, 3 and 5 years of age, respectively. GH therapy, initiated at 6.8 +/- 3.2 years of age (mean dose: 0.022 mg/kg per day), led to substantial growth acceleration in all patients. Mean adult height (n = 7) was normal when adjusted for mid-parental height. ACTH deficiency developed in two out of seven young adult patients. CONCLUSIONS: PROP1 defects are a prevalent cause of MPHD. We suggest that testing for PROP1 mutations in patients with MPHD might become standard practice in order to predict risk of additional pituitary hormone deficiencies.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny genetika   MeSH
• DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• homeodoménové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• hypofyzární hormony nedostatek   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nemoci hypofýzy genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tělesná výška fyziologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktor Pit-1 MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

BACKGROUND: Fruit juice and soft drink consumption have been shown to be related to obesity. However, this relationship has not been explored in Eastern Europe. The present study aimed to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between fruit juice, soft drink consumption and body mass index (BMI) in Eastern European cohorts. METHODS: Data from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe population-based prospective cohort study, based in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic, were used. Intakes of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), artificially-sweetened beverage (ASB) and fruit juice were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. Participant BMI values were assessed at baseline (n = 26 634) and after a 3-year follow-up (data available only for Russia, n = 5205). RESULTS: Soft drink consumption was generally low, particularly in Russia. Compared to never drinkers of SSB, participants who drank SSB every day had a significantly higher BMI in the Czech [β-coefficient = 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.02-0.54], Russian (β-coefficient = 1.38; 95% CI = 0.62-2.15) and Polish (β-coefficient = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.29-1.37) cohorts. Occasional or daily ASB consumption was also positively associated with BMI in all three cohorts. Results for daily fruit juice intake were inconsistent, with a positive association amongst Russians (β-coefficient = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.28-1.21) but a negative trend in the Czech Republic (β-coefficient = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.86 to 0.02). Russians participants who drank SSB or ASB had an increased BMI after follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support previous studies suggesting that soft drink consumption (including SSBs and ASBs) is positively related to BMI, whereas our results for fruit juice were less consistent. Policies regarding these beverages should be considered in Eastern Europe to lower the risk of obesity.

• MeSH
• chování při pití MeSH
• dieta - přehledy MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• obezita epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• ovocné a zeleninové šťávy škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sycené nápoje škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Rusko MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the population-based interaction between a biological variable (APOE ε4), neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the risk of incident dementia among subjects with prevalent mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: We prospectively followed 332 participants with prevalent MCI (aged 70 years and older) enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging for a median of 3 years. The diagnoses of MCI and dementia were made by an expert consensus panel based on published criteria, after reviewing neurologic, cognitive, and other pertinent data. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were determined at baseline using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire. We used Cox proportional hazards models, with age as a time scale, to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Models were adjusted for sex, education, and medical comorbidity. RESULTS: Baseline agitation, nighttime behaviors, depression, and apathy significantly increased the risk of incident dementia. We observed additive interactions between APOE ε4 and depression (joint effect HR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.24-3.91; test for additive interaction, p < 0.001); and between APOE ε4 and apathy (joint effect HR = 1.93; 95% CI = 0.93-3.98; test for additive interaction, p = 0.031). Anxiety, irritability, and appetite/eating were not associated with increased risk of incident dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Among prevalent MCI cases, baseline agitation, nighttime behaviors, depression, and apathy elevated the risk of incident dementia. There was a synergistic interaction between depression or apathy and APOE ε4 in further elevating the risk of incident dementia.

• MeSH
• apolipoprotein E4 genetika   MeSH
• duševní poruchy diagnóza   genetika   psychologie   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce diagnóza   genetika   psychologie   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• surveillance populace * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Východisko. Dunovský, Dytrych, Matějček a kol. vydali spolu s rozborem pediatrické, psychologické, psychiatrické a sociální složky dětského vývoje v rodině i mimo ni zkušenosti z poradenské a intervenční činnosti ve fundamentální, stále aktuální práci (1, 2). Ta zvýraznila potřebu zmapovat u nás výskyt patologických jevů, obsažených v pojmu CAN – týrané, zneužívané a zanedbávané dítě. Předkládaná studie vychází z retrospektivního šetření v dospělé populaci. Jedná se zde o muže – nastávající otce výzkumných dětí, kteří v rámci obsáhlé vstupní anamnézy mj. sdělili, zda a jak byli v dětství týráni. Cíl práce: Byla srovnávána je skupina mužů v dětství týraných se skupinou netýraných a zjišťováno, v čem se lišily rodiny jejich původu, rodiče i oni sami, a zda byly později zjistitelné rozdíly v jejich vlastních rodinách, vztazích, chování a zdraví. Metoda. U otců byla provedena ze tří postupných dotazníkových šetření srovnávací studie mezi v dětství týranými a netýranými (kontrolami). V dětství týraní otcové byli identifikováni podle variant odpovědí (1 – často, 2 – někdy, 3 – nikdy) na tři otázky v dotazníku vyplňovaném před narozením dětí, začleněných do studie ELSPAC (Evropská longitudinální studie rodičů a dětí). Data poskytli muži, jejichž ženám s trvalým bydlištěm v Brně se narodilo od 1. 3. 1991 do 30. 6. 1992 dítě. Výsledky. Podle tří druhů trestů bylo u rodičů výzkumných dětí zjištěno, že v dětství bylo fyzicky nebo psychicky týráno 57,9 % ze 3580 otců a 48,3 % ze 3848 matek. Chlapci byli týráni častěji. Týraní otcové ve srovnání s kontrolami: a) byli častěji narozeni předčasně (p < 0,05), v dětství i v dospělosti častěji nemocní (p < 0,01) a méně psychicky odolní (p < 0,001); b) měli častěji rodiče s narušeným zdravím (p < 0,001) a s horšími partnerskými vztahy (p < 0,001); c) pocházeli z rodin, které se podle otcova vzdělání ani postavení v povolání nelišily. Matky měly častěji vzdělání středoškolské (p < 0,01); d) měli častěji ženy i děti s horším zdravím (p < 0,01); e) ve vlastních rodinách projevovali víc násilí vůči svým ženám i dětem (p < 0,001), týrali je častěji fyzicky (p < 0,01) i psychicky (p < 0,01); f) projevovali častěji i mimorodinné asociální chování (p < 0,001); g) cítili se více nespokojeni se svými finančními poměry (p < 0,001), s rodinným životem (p < 0,01) a se životem vůbec (p < 0,001). Závěr. Muži v dětství týraní se podobali svým rodičům po stránce sociální, zdravotní i podle partnerských vztahů. Ke svým dětem se chovali podobně jako jejich rodiče kdysi k nim – násilné chování k dětem i mezi partnery přešlo z jedné generace na druhou.

Background. Dunovský, Dytrych, Matějček et al. have published their experience from their consulting and interventional activities, alongside with an analysis of the paediatric, psychological, psychiatric and social components of the child's development in the family and outside it, in a fundamental and still up-to-date paper (1, 2). In this elaborate they emphasized the necessity to map the occurrence, in our country, of pathological phenomena included in the CAN notion – a child that is abused and neglected. The background of the presented study lays in a retrospective investigation in an adult population. The subject of the study are men – the near future fathers of the investigated children, who have among other information specified within an extensive personal history if and how they were maltreated in their childhood. The goal of the study: A group of men maltreated in childhood is compared to a group which was not maltreated and the investigating team searched for indications as to how different were their natal families, their parents and their own selves and if any identifiable differences occurred later in their own families, relationships, conduct and health. Methods. A comparative study was conducted in the group of fathers based on three consecutive questionnaire investigations, between those maltreated in childhood and those who were not maltreated (control). Fathers maltreated in childhood were identified based on the response variants (1 – often, 2 – sometimes, 3 – never) to three questionnaire inquiries filled in before the birth of their children who are included in the ELSPAC (European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood) study. The data was provided by men whose wives with permanent residence in Brno gave birth from March 1st 1991 till June 30th 1992. Results. According to three types of test it was found out that from the parents of the studied children 57.9 % of the 3580 fathers and 48.3 % of the 3848 mothers were physically or psychologically maltreated during childhood: boys were maltreated more often. Maltreated fathers as compared to control: a) were more often born prematurely (p < 0.05), in the childhood and adulthood they were ill more often (p < 0.01) and they were less resistant psychologically (p < 0.001); b) more often had parents with impaired health (p < 0.001) and worse partner relationships (p < 0.001); c) came from families which didn't differ according to the father's education or employment status. The mothers had secondary education more often (p < 0.01); d) had more often wives and children with worse health (p < 0.01); e) in their own families manifested more violence towards their own wives and children (p < 0.001), they maltreated them more often physically (p < 0.01) and psychologically (p < 0.01); f) manifested more often extra-family asocial behavior (p < 0.001); g) they felt less satisfied with their financial situation (p < 0.001), with their family life (p < 0.01) and life in general (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Men maltreated in childhood resembled their parents in the social and health aspect and in the partner relationships. Towards their children they acted similarly like they parents used to – violent behavior aimed at children and between partners transferred from one generation to the next.

• MeSH
• charakteristiky rodiny MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rodičovství psychologie   MeSH
• rodina psychologie   MeSH
• rodinné vztahy MeSH
• výchova dítěte psychologie   MeSH
• vztahy mezi matkou a dítětem MeSH
• vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi MeSH
• zneužívané dítě prevence a kontrola   psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH