Wood chips ash coming from biomass heating plant is studied as an eco-friendly mineral admixture in mortar mix design. The raw material was mechanically activated by milling in a vibratory disc mill to a degree of fineness comparable to cement. For the mortars with ash dosage, basic physical, mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties is accessed. The mortars with partial Portland cement replacement with wood chips ash exhibited good functional properties for all studied ash dosages. With increasing amount of the ash used, the average pore diameter decreased due to the partial filler effect of WCHA in mortar mix. The strength activity index was very high for all studied mortars and gave evidence of the wood chips ash pozzolanity. The pozzolan effectiveness coefficient varied from 1.52 to 0.59, which proved the pozzolanity of the studied ash and synergic effects in the Portland cement-ash-water system. The results of leaching tests showed, the chlorides contained in ash were safely immobilized in the silicate matrix. The environmental evaluation revealed decrease in both carbon dioxide production and energy consumption by the use of wood chips ash in mortar mix. For the mortar with 20% substitution of Portland cement with wood chips ash, it represents 15% of CO2 and 16% of energy, as compared with the reference mortar mix. As the developed mortars possess good functional and environmental parameters the analyzed wood chips ash can be considered as an eco-efficient low-cost alternative to other pozzolans for production of blended binders.

• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• dřevo * MeSH
• konstrukční materiály MeSH
• minerály MeSH
• popel uhelný * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• elektromagnetické jevy MeSH
• konstrukční materiály MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfoidní leukemie MeSH
• pracovní expozice MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• vlasová barviva MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Natural organic additives such as eggs, lard, resins, and oils have been added to mortars since ancient times, because the ancient builders knew of their positive effect on the mortar quality. The tradition of adding organic materials to mortars was commonly handed down only verbally for thousands years. However, this practice disappeared in the nineteenth century, when the usage of modern materials started. Today, one of the most recent topics in the industry of building materials is the reusing of natural organic materials and searching for the forgotten ancient recipes. The research of the old technological approaches involves currently the most advanced analytical techniques and methods. This paper is focussed on testing the possibility of identification of proteinaceous additives in historical mortars and model mortar samples containing blood, bone glue, curd, eggs and gelatine, by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-Q-TOF MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All these methods were applied to the mortar sample taken from the interior of the medieval (sixteenth century) castle in Namest nad Oslavou in the Czech Republic and their comparison contributed to the rough estimation of the protein additive content in the mortar. The obtained results demonstrate that only LC-ESI-Q-TOF MS, MALDI-TOF MS and ELISA have the sufficiently low detection limits that enable the reliable identification of collagens in historical mortars. Graphical abstract Proteomics analyses of historical mortars.

• MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• ELISA metody   MeSH
• kolagen analýza   MeSH
• konstrukční materiály analýza   dějiny   MeSH
• krevní proteiny analýza   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí metody   MeSH
• proteiny analýza   MeSH
• Ramanova spektroskopie metody   MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody   MeSH
• spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací metody   MeSH
• vejce analýza   MeSH
• želatina analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Organic inclusions in lime binders provide useful samples for radiocarbon dating of historical objects. Two Czech castles Týřov and Pyšolec from Late Middle Ages were explored, and tens of charcoals were found in their walls. The radiocarbon content of the charcoals was measured with accelerator mass spectrometry. The dating results showed that none of the charcoals were younger than the known historical ages (Týřov: 1260 - 1270, Pyšolec: 1300 - 1340), but some were considerably older. Two charcoals from Pyšolec castle dated to Palaeolithic, likely originating from fluvial sediments added as an aggregate to the mortar. When excluding these two charcoals, the others indicated most likely dates being 50-100 y older than the building dates of the castles. This systemic effect corresponds to the age of wood used for lime burning and shall be accounted for when dating mortars using charcoals.

• MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí * MeSH
• dřevo MeSH
• radioaktivní datování * metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Properties of the waste treatment residual fly ash generated from municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash were investigated in this study. Six different mortar blends with the addition of the municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash were evaluated. The Portland cement replacement levels of the municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash used were 25%, 30% and 50%. Both, raw and washed municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash samples were examined. According to the mineralogical composition measurements, a 22.6% increase in the pozzolanic/hydraulic properties was observed for the washed municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash sample. The maximum replacement level of 25% for the washed municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash in mortar blends was established in order to preserve the compressive strength properties. Moreover, the leaching characteristics of the crushed mortar blend was analysed in order to examine the immobilisation of its hazardous contents.

• MeSH
• konstrukční materiály analýza   MeSH
• nakládání s odpady metody   MeSH
• popel uhelný analýza   MeSH
• spalování odpadů MeSH
• tuhý odpad analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Administration of tablets via feeding tube (FT) is often associated with significant drug losses, as was confirmed by weighing. The aim of this study was to measure the proportion of active substance losses (ASLs) in an in vitro model. METHODS: A film-coated tablet (FilmCT) containing clopidogrel (Trombex®) and a tablet with enteric coating (EntericCT) containing pantoprazole (Controloc®) were crushed in a mortar and transferred by method A (tablet powder was transferred into the beaker, poured into the syringe and water added) and method B (water was added into the mortar, suspension drawn into the syringe) and administered via FT in an in vitro model. Total losses were measured with analytical balance and, simultaneously, ASL were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography UV-detection (HPLC-UV). RESULTS: ASL was different to weighing only in the case of EntericCT prepared by method B (2.0 ± 4.2 and 10.7 ± 0.8% for HPLC-UV and weighing, respectively; p = 0.004). HPLC-UV confirmed significantly lower ASL when method B was used for either EntericCT (34.3 ± 7.2 vs. 2.0 ± 4.2%; p < 0.001) or FilmCT (14.1 ± 2.2 vs. 7.7 ± 4.1%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Drug loss analysis with analytical balance may overestimate ASL, as was proved for EntericCT in this study. ASL were significantly lower when method B was used.

• MeSH
• enterální výživa přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• enterosolventní tablety MeSH
• gastrointestinální intubace * MeSH
• klopidogrel aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• pantoprazol aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová metody   MeSH
• tablety MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

Objectives: The abuse of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs reduces the quality of life of millions of addicted people worldwide. They cannot be discontinued abruptly due to harmful withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification is usually based on replacement of short/middle acting benzodiazepines or Z-drugs by diazepam and tapering the dose over time. In order to enhance patient adherence to an individual withdrawal plan, suitable diazepam dosage forms have to be available. Hard capsules containing an exact and uniform dose could be used for the relief of symptoms caused by altering the plasma level and overcoming psychogenic stress from the dose reduction. Methods: This work demonstrates that capsules with a content of diazepam ranging from 2.125mg to 0.492 mg (dose decreasing always by 15%) cannot be easily prepared by standard mortar technology in a pharmacy. To meet mass and content uniformity European Pharmacopoeia criteria, capsules were prepared by improved technology based on the preparation of binary blends of calcium phosphate anhydrous and diazepam in descending concentrations in a high-speed mixer (time 30 s) and densification of about 10% during filling of the capsules. Results: All batches (n=20) prepared by improved technology met the requirement for content uniformity compared with only nine batches prepared by standard mortar blender technology. Based on the process capability index, none of the samples prepared by standard technology fitted pharmacopeia limits at the statistically acceptable level. On the other hand, all batches prepared by improved technology exhibited acceptable process capability index. Conclusions: We have shown that at least 99.73% of batches prepared by our improved technology would meet the pharmacopoeia limits for content uniformity and are suitable for treatment of this type of addiction.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Rostlinné oleje a tuky zaujímají až 25-40 % z energetického příjmu průměrného dospělého člověka. Jsou tedy nedílnou součástí naší každodenní stravy. V rámci této práce byla sesbírána a vyhodnocena data o dostupnosti různých druhů rostlinných olejů a tuků na českém trhu napříč kamennými prodejnami i online obchody. Posuzovány byly i obalové materiály, objemové varianty, biokvalita olejů a také to, jakým způsobem byly tyto oleje zpracovány. Na českém trhu počtem dostupných výrobků jednoznačně dominuje olej olivový. Ve velkých kamenných prodejnách zaujímá až 45 % sortimentu. Další pořadí nejčastějších olejů se rozchází v závislosti na tom, v jakém typu prodejen je sortiment nakupován. Pro menší specializované prodejny a online obchody je charakteristickým rysem i široký sortiment minoritních olejů. V bio kvalitě je prozatím k dostání pouze malá část sortimentu.

Vegetable oils and fats contribute on the energy intake of the average adult up to 25–40 %. They are therefore an essential part of our daily diet. As part of this work, data on the availability of various types of vegetable oils on the Czech market across brick-and-mortar stores as well as online stores were collected and evaluated. Packaging materials, volume variants, if the oils are organic and also how these oils were processed were also assessed. The dominant oil in number of products available on the Czech market is olive oil. In large brick-andmortar stores, they occupy up to 45% of the assortment. The next order of the most common oils diverges depending on what type of stores the assortment is purchased. For smaller specialized stores and online stores, a wide range of minority oils is also a characteristic feature. Only a small part of the assortment is available in organic quality.

• MeSH
• oleje rostlin zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• tuky zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• zásobování potravinami MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Different quartz types from several localities in the Czech Republic and Sweden were examined by polarizing microscopy combined with cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy, spectroscopy, and petrographic image analysis, and tested by use of an accelerated mortar bar test (following ASTM C1260). The highest alkali-silica reaction potential was indicated by very fine-grained chert, containing significant amounts of fine-grained to cryptocrystalline matrix. The chert exhibited a dark red CL emission band at ~640 nm with a low intensity. Fine-grained orthoquartzites, as well as fine-grained metamorphic vein quartz, separated from phyllite exhibited medium expansion values. The orthoquartzites showed various CL of quartz grains, from blue through violet, red, and brown. Two CL spectral bands at ~450 and ~630 nm, with various intensities, were detected. The quartz from phyllite displayed an inhomogeneous dark red CL with two CL spectral bands of low intensities at ~460 and ~640 nm. The massive coarse-grained pegmatite quartz from pegmatite was assessed to be nonreactive and displayed a typical short-lived blue CL (~480 nm). The higher reactivity of the fine-grained hydrothermal quartz may be connected with high concentrations of defect centers, and probably with amorphized micro-regions in the quartz, respectively; indicated by a yellow CL emission (~570 nm).

• MeSH
• alkálie analýza   MeSH
• křemen chemie   MeSH
• oxid křemičitý analýza   MeSH
• polarizační mikroskopie * MeSH
• spektrální analýza * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Švédsko MeSH

V současnosti se na stratum corneum pohlíží jako na „zeď“, přičemž „cihly“ tvoří korneocyty a „maltu“ lamelární lipidová membrána. Protože se zdá, že poruchy v bariérové funkci hrají zásadní roli v patogenezi dráždivého ekzému, atopické suché kůže a stárnoucí pleti, mělo by být primárním cílem u těchto onemocnění zlepšení funkce kožní lipidické bariéry. DMS (Derma Membrane Structure) technologie je unikátní patentovaný postup, kterým se připraví krém absolutně neutrální, napodobující lamelární strukturu kožní vrstvy stratum corneum jak obsahem lipidů, tak i lamelární strukturou, a který díky své podobnosti s lipidickou vrstvou stratum corneum ji nijak nedráždí. Lamelární struktura je vytvořena použitím látky tvořící lamelární gelovou strukturu – hydrogenovaného fosfatidylcholinu při dodání velkého množství energie během homogenizace ultrazvukem nebo tlakem 50 000–250 000 kPa. Hydratace kůže po aplikaci přípravku připraveného DMS technologií přetrvává dlouho i po ukončení aplikace na rozdíl od krémů typu olej/voda nebo voda/olej, které obsahují emulgátory.

Currently, the stratum corneum is regarded as a “wall”, the “brick” consists of corneocytes and “mortar” lamellar lipid membrane. Since it appears that disturbances in the function of the barrier play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of irritable eczema, atopic dry skin and aging skin, should be the primary goal improve the function of skin lipid barrier in these diseases. DMS (Derma Membrane Structure) technology is a unique patented process by which is prepared cream absolutely neutral, imitating the lamellar structure of the stratum corneum as lipid content as well as the lamellar structure, and does not irritate stratum corneum, because of its similarity to the lipid layer of the stratum corneum. The lamellar structure is formed using a substance forming lamellar gel structure – hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine when a large amount of energy supply ultrasonic homogenization or high pressure (50 000–250 000 kPa). Hydration of the skin persists long time after the end of the application of DMS technology prepared preparations in contrast to oil/water or water/oil creams containing emulsifiers.

• Klíčová slova
• hydratace kůže, stratum corneum, lamerální struktura, Physiogel,
• MeSH
• aplikace kožní MeSH
• epidermis * fyziologie   patofyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• farmaceutická chemie MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• fosfatidylcholiny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fyziologie kůže MeSH
• kůže metabolismus   patofyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• zvlhčující látky * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH