University students in the Czech Republic suffer from a low level of mental well-being. Research in other university student populations suggests that academic motivation, self-compassion, and self-criticism are strongly related to mental well-being. Students who are motivated to study, are kind toward themselves, and are less judgmental of themselves tend to have a high level of mental well-being. These relationships had not been evaluated in Czech students. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relationships between mental well-being, academic motivation (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation), self-compassion (self-reassurance) and self-criticism (self-inadequacy and self-hate). Of 130 students approached, a convenience sampling of 119 psychology students at a university in the Czech Republic completed a survey regarding these constructs. Correlation, regression, and path analyses were conducted. Mental well-being was positively associated with intrinsic motivation and self-compassion, and negatively associated with amotivation and self-criticism. Self-compassion was identified as the strongest predictor of mental well-being. Lastly, intrinsic motivation mediated the pathway from self-compassion to mental well-being, but not the one from self-inadequacy to mental well-being, and the one from self-hate to mental well-being. Our findings can help educators to identify effective means to protect students' mental well-being. Cultivating students' self-compassion may be helpful to protect their mental well-being. University staff and educators in the Czech Republic need to consider ways to embed self-compassion training into their students' programmes or university life.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Cieľom štúdie bolo identifikovať súvislosti medzi sebakritickosťou, hanbou a kvalitou života u dospelých. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 134 participantov vo veku od 30 do 45 rokov (M = 36,29; SD = 5,40), žien bolo 81 (60,4 %) a mužov 53 (39,6 %). Na meranie seba-kritickosti boli použité dva meracie nástroje: Škála úrovní sebakritickosti od Thompsona a Zuroffa (2004), slúžiaca na meranie dysfunkčného negatívneho sebahodnotenia a Škála foriem sebakritickosti a sebapotvrdenia od Cheunga, Gilberta a Ironse (2004), ktorá za-chytáva neadekvátne, nenávidené a sebapotvrdzujúce self. Na zistenie hanby u dospelých bola použitá Škála skúsenosti s hanbou od Andrews, Qian a Valentine (2002). Kvalita života bola meraná Dotazníkom kvality života vyvinutým Svetovou zdravotníckou or-ganizáciou (1998). Výsledky výskumu poukazujú na významné negatívne vzťahy medzi sebakritickosťou a kvalitou života a taktiež na významné negatívne vzťahy medzi hanbou a kvalitou života. Silný negatívny vzťah medzi sebakritickosťou, hanbou a kvalitou života bol preukázaný predovšetkým s dimenziou psychické zdravie

The goal of this study was to identify the relations between self-criticism, shame and quality of life in adults. Over the last few decades, Blatt's (1974) formulations concerning the role of the personality dimension of self-criticism in the onset, course, and clinical presentation of depression have attracted considerable research attention. Self-criticism is a reflexive psychological behaviour in which most people occasionally engage. In some individuals, an almost relentless degree of self-criticism forms part of a personality trait which renders them vulnerable to depression. Shame is “directly about the self, which is the focus of evaluation” (Lewis, 1971, p. 30). It is a painful social experience linked to the perception that one is negatively judged and seen as inferior or unattractive (Gilbert, 2002). Several studies have already shown a strong association between shame and self-criticism and also an association between shame, self-criticism and psychopathology, but despite the fact, the relation between self-criticism, shame and quality of life remains underresearched. The research sample consisted of 134 participants, aged between 30 to 45 years. The mean age of the participants was M = 36.29, SD = 5.40. Out of the 134 partic-ipants, 81 were women (60.4%) and 53 were men (39.6%). Two measuring instruments were used to measure self-criticism. The first one was The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale, which serves to measure dysfunctional negative self-esteem. The second was The Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale, in which we used the factors Inadequate and Hated Self. In order to measure the degree of shame in the adults we used The Experience of Shame Scale by Andrews, Qian and Valentine (2002). The subjects' quality of life was measured by the Quality of Life Questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization (1998). The results of the research showed that there is a significant negative relationship between self-criticism and quality of life. Since self-criticism is seen as a negative form of self-evaluation involving feelings of shame and guilt, we expect this can be the reason for the negative relationship between self-criticism and quality of life. We also found a significant negative relationship between shame and quality of life. We expect that the reason of negative relationship between shame and quality of life may be the fact pointed out that external shame is activated in the presence of possible social threats, and that social threats could have posed a threat for physical survival since our earlier evolutionary context; it is expected that it will have severe consequences for psychological functioning and we expect that for quality of life, too. The strong negative relationship between self-criticism, shame and quality of life was primarily found with the dimension of mental health. This finding was expected due to the fact that self-criticism and shame play a major role in many forms of psychological difficulty, including depression, social anxiety, personality disorders and interpersonal difficulties. As the study has shown a significant negative association between self-criticism, shame and quality of life in adults, we have thus confirmed the relevance of self-criticism and shame in connection with psychological problems. As stated by Castilho, Pinto-Gouveia a Duarteho (2017), shame and self-criticism should be addressed in therapeutic interventions targeting the reduction of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms.

• MeSH
• Shame MeSH
• Quality of Life MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Psychometrics MeSH
• Self Concept * MeSH
• Self-Assessment MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH

Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.

• MeSH
• Adaptation, Psychological * MeSH
• Assertiveness MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Internet * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Hate * MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Self Report MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: Problem behaviour theory postulates that different forms of norm violations cluster and can be explained by similar antecedents. One such cluster may include cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration. A potential explanatory mechanism includes toxic online disinhibition, characterised by anonymity, an inability to empathise and to recognise and interpret social cues. The current study to develop a better understanding of the relationship between cyberhate and cyberbullying to inform effective intervention and prevention efforts. AIMS: To test the link between cyberbullying and cyberhate and whether this relationship was moderated by toxic online disinhibition. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires on cyberbullying, cyberhate, and toxic online disinhibition were completed by 1,480 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.21 years; SD = 1.68). RESULTS: Increases in cyberbullying perpetration and toxic online disinhibition were positively related to cyberhate perpetration. Furthermore, cyberbullies reported more cyberhate perpetration when they reported higher levels of toxic online disinhibition and less frequent cyberhate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. CONCLUSION: The current study provides evidence of a possible link between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration, moderated by toxic online disinhibition. This suggests that, to be effective, prevention and intervention programmes should (i) consider the co-occurrence of varying forms of cyberaggression and (ii) consider potential effects of the online environment on aggressive online behaviour among young people.

• MeSH
• Aggression MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Inhibition, Psychological * MeSH
• Internet * MeSH
• Cyberbullying psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Hate * MeSH
• Crime Victims psychology   MeSH
• Problem Behavior MeSH
• Self Report MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Germany MeSH

Ciele. Štúdia overuje psychometrické vlastnosti slovenskej verzie Škály foriem sebakritickosti a sebapotvrdenia prostredníctvom teórie odpovedí na položku, IRT faktorovej analýzy, validity škály a tvorby noriem. Vzorka a výber. Výskumná vzorka obsahovala 1 181 participantov (34 % mužov a 66 % žien) s priemerným vekom 30.30 rokov (SD = = 12.40). Dáta boli zbierané postupne dostupným výberom v priebehu dvoch rokoch v rámci riešenia čiastkových úloh výskumného grantu zameraného na výskum sebakritickosti a sebasúcitu. Hypotézy. Predpokladá sa, že slovenská verzia FSCRS má trojdimenzionálnu štruktúru rovnako ako originálna verzia. Všetky jej tri subškály sú škálovateľné podľa Mokkenovej analýzy, takže hrubé skóre subškál je invariantné voči skóre položiek. Štatistická analýza. Pre záznam dát autori použili program SPSS Statistics-20 a pre ich štatistické spracovanie program R verzia 3. 1. 3, knižnice mirt, TAM, lavaan a mokken. Výsledky. Škála FSCRS je v slovenskom preklade reliabilný a validný nástroj na meranie úrovne sebakritickosti. Potvrdila sa jej trojdimenzionálna štruktúra a tiež to, že všetky jej tri subškály sú škálovateľné podľa Mokkenovej analýzy. Avšak aj dvojdimenzionálny model, v ktorom sú Nenávidené a Neadekvátne self spojené do jednej subškály, ukázal dobrú zhodu s dátami. Limity štúdie. Napriek jej veľkosti vzorka nie je reprezentatívna pre slovenskú populáciu, najmä z hľadiska veku a vzdelania. Vytvorené normy tak nevyjadrujú distribúciu sebakritickosti a sebapotvrdenia v celej slovenskej populácii. (Článek je v anglickém jazyce.).

Objectives. The study verifies the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the The Forms of Self-criticising/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS) through item response theory, IRT factor analysis, the validity of the scale and the development of norms. Sample and setting. The survey sample consisted of 1,181 participants (34 % men and 66 % women) with a mean age of 30.30 years (SD = 12.40). Data was gathered by convenience sampling, gradually over two years within a research grant focused on self-criticism and self-compassion. Hypotheses. It was assumed that the Slovak version of the FSCRS has a three-dimensional structure similarly to the original version. All the three subscales are scalable by Mokken analysis, so subscales’ raw score is invariant to items subscales’ scores. Statistical analysis. For data recording, the program SPSS Statistics-20 was used and for statistical processing, the program R version 3 1 3 was used, libraries mirt, TAM, lavaan, and mokken. Results. The Slovak translation of the FSCRS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure the level of self-criticism. Its three-dimensional structure was confirmed, and all the three subscales were scalable by Mokken analysis. However, the two-dimensional structure (in which the Inadequate self and the Hated self are merged) showed good fit with data as well. Study limitation. Despite its size, the sample is not representative of the Slovak population regarding age and education. Therefore, the developed norms do not express the population distribution of self-criticism and self-reassurance.

• Keywords
• sebekritičnost, sebepotvrzení, sebesoucit,
• MeSH
• Factor Analysis, Statistical MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Personal Satisfaction MeSH
• Psychometrics * methods   MeSH
• Self-Assessment * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Sebakritickosť je hlavný spoločný faktor na pozadí mnohých psychiatrických diagnóz. Z hľadiska psychoterapie je kľúčová informácia, že prítomnosť sebakritickosti u klienta zásadným spôsobom oslabuje odozvu klienta na liečbu. Práve preto je pre psychoterapeuta dôležité vedieť o sebakritickosti viac a poznať rôzne možnosti ako s ňou pracovať. Predchádzajúci článok „Možnosti intervencie pri práci s vysoko sebakritickým klientom“ poskytuje prehľad rôznych intervencií použiteľných v tejto oblasti. Tento nadväzujúci článok je zameraný na psychoterapeutickú prácu s vysoko sebakritickým klientom. Obsahuje popis ťažkostí pri psychoterapii sebakritických klientov a dôvodov týchto ťažkostí, odlíšenie rôznych druhov vnútorného kritika, základné psychoterapeutické prístupy v práci so sebakritickosťou a všeobecné zásady psychoterapeutickej práce so sebakritikom.

Self-criticism is a major conjoint factor in the background of many psychiatric diagnoses. In terms of psychotherapy, it is crucial that client´s self-criticism substantially weakens the client's response to a treatment. That is why it is so important for a psychotherapist to know more about self-criticism and be more familiar with various ways to deal with it. The previous article "Possibilities of intervention while working with highly self-critical client" provides an overview of various possible interventions in this area. This article is focused on psychotherapy with highly self-critical clients. It contains description of difficulties while doing psychotherapy with highly self-critical clients and reasons for these difficulties, typology of inner critics, basic psychotherapeutic approaches dealing with self-criticism and general principles of psychotherapy with the critics.

• Keywords
• self-hate, self-compassion, sebenenávist, sebesoucit, self-reassurance, sebepotvrzení,
• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Psychotherapeutic Processes MeSH
• Psychotherapy standards   MeSH
• Self-Assessment * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Ucházíte se o místo, které vyžaduje znalost angličtiny, nebo byste rádi pracovali v zahraničí? Pak je tato knížka určena právě vám! Pomůže vám na výbornou zvládnout přijímací pohovor či assessment centrum v anglickém jazyce. V knize naleznete 200 nejčastějších otázek a příklady nejvhodnějších odpovědí a rady jak uspět.; Ucházíte se o místo, které vyžaduje znalost angličtiny, nebo byste rádi pracovali v zahraničí? Pak je tato knížka určena právě vám! Pomůže vám na výbornou zvládnout přijímací pohovor či assessment centrum v anglickém jazyce. V knize naleznete 200 nejčastějších otázek a příklady nejvhodnějších odpovědí, rozdělených do hlavních témat, která s vámi bude potenciální zaměstnavatel probírat. Jde například o vaše silné stránky a důvody, proč by měl přijmout právě vás, dále o vaše znalosti práce s PC, schopnost zvládat změny, stres a řešit konflikty, otázky na to, co vás motivuje a co můžete firmě nabídnout, zda jste zákaznicky orientován, jaké máte manažerské dovednosti, platová očekávání apod. Dozvíte se také, co danými otázkami zaměstnavatel sleduje, v čem uchazeči nejčastěji chybují a jaké odpovědi byste určitě neměli použít.

Vzájemné nepřátelství lidských společenství má své psychologické souvislosti dané mezigeneračně přenášenými archetypálními vzorci komplementárních rolí. Vnější důvody propuknutí agrese, hledané v oblasti politické, ideologické apod., jsou často absurdní a jejich účelem je skrýt hlubší dramata odehrávající se na pozadí kolektivní psychologie. V případě nacistického holocaustu našla německá potřeba pomsty za prohru v první světové válce jednoho z nejvhodnějších obětních beránků ve věčně nenáviděném a pronásledovaném židovském národě. Pro „nápravu“ hluboce narušeného německého sebeobrazu musel být zvolen definitivní cíl a unikátní metody ničení, které nenarazily na odpor lidu, odedávna se dovolávajícho svého „zvláštního poslání“, jehož podstata byla po tisíciletí udržována promyšleným systémem všednodenních i velkolepých obětí. Židé přeživší holocaust přenášejí archetyp oběti do další generace projekcí odštěpených traumatizovaných částí svého self do psychiky vlastních dětí, které prostřednictvím symbiotické vazby fungují jako protetická náhrada amputovaných částí rodičovského „já“ a umožňují tak rodičům psychologické přežití. Externalizace rodičovských zranění, objevených ve vlastních psychických strukturách následující generací Židů, byla zlomem v chápání této dosud potlačované problematiky s dopadem pro celou lidskou společnost.

Mutual hostility of human societies is psychologically contingent on transgenerationally transmissed archetypal models of complementary roles. Outer reasons of bursting aggression, sought for in political and ideological areas, often sound absurd, and the only purpose of their proclamation is to curtain inner dramas taking place on the backdrop of collective psychology. In case of Nazi holocaust, the German starving for revenge for World War I. defeat found its scapegoat in all times hated and persecuted Jewish nation. For the repair of the deeply damaged German self - picture could have been chosen nothing less than the „final solution“ and unique methods of destroying, which met no resistance of people ever calling for its „special mission“ whose matter had been kept for millenia in well-designed system of everyday and outstanding victimage. The Jews living through holocaust transfer the victim arechetype to the further generation by projection of the split traumatized parts of the self to the psyche of their own children who meet their task of parental ego prothesis, enabling psychological survival to their parents by means of symbiotic attachment. Vocalization of parental traumas found in own psychic structures by the holocaust survivors offsprings started the great disruption in so far restrained topic investigation, which reveals global consequences.

• MeSH
• Holocaust MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Crime Victims MeSH
• Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic etiology   psychology   therapy   MeSH
• Psychotherapy MeSH
• Jews MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Philosophy MeSH
• Human Body MeSH
• Thinking MeSH
• Consciousness MeSH

• Conspectus
• Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce
• NML Fields
• humanitní vědy a umění