settlement processes
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
BACKGROUND: In 1999, a group of Kosovars arrived in Hamilton, Ontario, with a coordinated international pre-migration plan, as part of the United Nations Humanitarian Evacuation Program. Since 1997, a substantial number of Roma refugees from the Czech Republic also arrived in Hamilton, with no special pre-migration planning. This study examined whether the organized settlement efforts led to better adaptation and perceived health for the Kosovars, using the Czech Roma as a comparison group. METHODS: Adult members of 50 Kosovar (n=157 individuals) and 50 Czech Roma (n=76 individuals) randomly selected families completed a questionnaire on sociodemographics, health, well-being, and perceived adaptation to Canada. Differences between groups were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Comparison was made to the Ontario population where possible. RESULTS: There were more Kosovars than Czech Roma over the age of 50 (22.1% vs 10.5%, p=0.03). Nearly one quarter (21.7%) of the Kosovars had a score indicating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), compared to none of the Roma (p<0.001). After adjustment for age and PTSD, the Kosovars were significantly more likely to report fair or poor adaptation to Canada (OR=10.5, 95% CI=3.6-31.2) and that life is somewhat or very stressful (OR=3.9, 95% CI=2.1-7.4). Differences for other measures were no longer significant after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The health and adaptation of the Kosovars was not better than that of the Czech Roma. Reasons for this finding may include differences in demographics, the presence of PTSD, and differing length of time since arrival in Canada.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická * MeSH
- akulturace MeSH
- demografie MeSH
- emigrace a imigrace statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- posttraumatická stresová porucha etnologie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychický stres etnologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- uprchlíci psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdravotní stav * MeSH
- životní změny * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Jugoslávie MeSH
- Ontario MeSH
The open-air site of Brno-Štýřice III (Vídeňská or Koněvova St.) has yielded abundant evidence of Late Glacial (LGT) Palaeolithic occupation assigned, on the basis of techno-typological studies and 14C dating, to the Epigravettian. During excavations, an archaeological layer with concentrations of chipped stone industry, animal bones and hearths was uncovered. Although one type of raw material is predominant, the spectrum of raw materials used for knapping was much wider than previously considered. The composition of the raw material indicates contacts between the site and surrounding sources in Moravia. This paper deals with the spatial distributions of artefacts according to their techno-morphological study and types of raw materials used for knapping. The reconstruction of on-site activities is based on modelling a single accumulation of finds. The selected concentration, with an area of 100 m2, was spatially well defined, with the excavations revealing both its centre and periphery with a gradual fade-out of finds. Besides numerous lithic artefacts the site also contained fragments of animal bones, teeth, and some heavy-duty pieces. The homogeneity of the concentration area was demonstrated by the presence of all technological stages of the core reduction sequence of both primary and reutilised tools, and by several more complex refits of chipped artefacts. Although we cannot observe any anthropic impact on animal bones due to the poor preservation of their surfaces, the use-wear marks are evident on lithic tools – particularly burins and burin spalls. The numerous refits of short sequences among lithic artefacts indicate on-site activity which can be associated, according to the use-wear marks identified, with the processing of animal carcasses. This way we can characterise not only the single selected accumulation of finds analysed, but the broader Štýřice III settlement in general.
Vladimír Ondruš (1972) referred to numerous instances of children's burials at the Neolithic settlement in Vedrovice in South Moravia, Czech Republic. He based his explanation of these occurrences on the theory that children had been subjected to ritual sacrifice during the process of laying the foundation or completion of a house. Elevated values of strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr > 0.7115) in M1 tooth enamel and a compact bone segment of the central femur of the three juvenile individuals suggest that these children (grave H3/66, 6–7 years; grave H4/69, 7–8 years; grave H5/71, 5–6 years) were migrants. The Vedrovice area is located close to the NE-SW trending boundary between the Bohemian Massif crystalline region, dominated by Palaeozoic or older granitoids and metamorphic rocks with generally high 87Sr/86Sr to the NW, and lowland areas to the SE, dominated by Cenozoic marine sediments with low 87Sr/86Sr ratio. It is thus more probable that the 3 children in question originated from the NW region. Children in graves H3/66, H4/69, and H5/71 from the Neolithic site in Vedrovice were placed behind posthole huts, on their western side. The graves of H3/66 and H4/69 contained no gifts, and all were non-locals, likely born northwest of Vedrovice. One of them had the arms in front of the face as if in fear. Hence it may be concluded and to speculate that these children were migrants, and were killed (or buried alive) during the founding of a field in a religious ceremony to support the growth of crops. Analyses of migration on the site as well as ethnographical comparisons with other primitive agricultural societies from the Amazon, New Guinea and India which have traditions of comparing children to plant growth, suggest that the children were most likely sacrificed during the process of founding a field as part of a ritual ceremony to support the growth of crops. Perimortem traumas on the skulls of two children from the triple burial 48-49-50/65 Nitra-Horné Krškany (Slovakia) are evidence of potential violence. We can only speculate whether the children in both sites, Vedrovice and Nitra, were victims of ritualistic behaviour among the Neolithic farmers.
The settlement at Kněževes is situated near Prague, and the non-profit company Archaia carried out a rescue archaeological research there in 1998. A set of skeletal remains was collected from three settlement features dated in the Late Bronze Age. The skeletons were subjected to anthropological and genetic analyses for sex determination. First, in the genetic analysis recent DNA from the femur was used to compare isolation methods. We tested four different DNA extraction protocols: phenol-chloroform method, Dextran Blue mediated extraction method, and two isolation protocols using the DNA IQTM System, and the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, respectively. Skeletal remains from Kněževes were subjected to the selected extraction method and subsequently to PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) reaction for sex determination. The amplified aDNA (ancient DNA) was separated using the polyacrylamide electrophoresis. After comparison of genetic and anthropological methods, aDNA analysis confirmed that it is reliable for sex determination of subadult skeletal remains with undeveloped secondary sex characteristics.
On the basis of new examination of ancient DNA and craniometric analyses, Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe has been recently explained as reflecting colonization or at least a major influx of near eastern farmers. Given the fact that Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe was very rapid and extended into a large area, colonization would have to be associated with high population growth and fertility rates of an expanding Neolithic population. We built three demographic models to test whether the growth and fertility rates of Neolithic farmers were high enough to allow them to colonize Central Europe without admixture with foragers. The principle of the models is based on stochastic population projections. Our results demonstrate that colonization is an unlikely explanation for the Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe, as the majority of fertility and growth rate estimates obtained in all three models are higher than levels expected in the early Neolithic population. On the basis of our models, we derived that colonization would be possible only if (1) more than 37% of women survived to mean age at childbearing, (2) Neolithic expansion in Central Europe lasted more than 150 years, and (3) the population of farmers grew in the entire settled area. These settings, however, represent very favorable demographic conditions that seem unlikely given current archaeological and demographic evidence. Therefore, our results support the view that Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe involved admixture of expanding farmers with local foragers. We estimate that the admixture contribution from foragers may have been between 55% and 72%.
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- antropologie fyzická MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- dějiny starověku MeSH
- DNA analýza genetika MeSH
- emigrace a imigrace MeSH
- kefalometrie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- parita MeSH
- populační dynamika dějiny MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- stochastické procesy MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny starověku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
This paper examines the patterns of the US and Australian immigration geography and the process of regional population diversification and the emergence of new immigrant concentrations at the regional level. It presents a new approach in the context of human migration studies, focusing on spatial relatedness between individual foreign-born groups as revealed from the analysis of their joint spatial concentrations. The approach employs a simple assumption that the more frequently the members of two population groups concentrate in the same locations the higher is the probability that these two groups can be related. Based on detailed data on the spatial distribution of foreign-born groups in US counties (2000-2010) and Australian postal areas (2006-2011) we firstly quantify the spatial relatedness between all pairs of foreign-born groups and model the aggregate patterns of US and Australian immigration systems conceptualized as the undirected networks of foreign-born groups linked by their spatial relatedness. Secondly, adopting a more dynamic perspective, we assume that immigrant groups with higher spatial relatedness to those groups already concentrated in a region are also more likely to settle in this region in future. As the ultimate goal of the paper, we examine the power of spatial relatedness measures in projecting the emergence of new immigrant concentrations in the US and Australian regions. The results corroborate that the spatial relatedness measures can serve as useful instruments in the analysis of the patterns of population structure and prediction of regional population change. More generally, this paper demonstrates that information contained in spatial patterns (relatedness in space) of population composition has yet to be fully utilized in population forecasting.
- MeSH
- emigrace a imigrace trendy MeSH
- emigranti a imigranti * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- migrace lidstva trendy MeSH
- populace * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Austrálie MeSH
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
The process of identity formation may be influenced by multiple factors. The study focuses on migration as one of these influencing factors. In a qualitative study, the researcher focused on the process of identity building and reconstructing after migrating from one country to another. It provides an analysis of the processes of adaptation in the new environment that people identified and could reflect upon after their experience of migrating from their countries of origin. Factors of age, language and culture in regard to attaining their new personal identities are considered. Migration is viewed from a perspective of an individual. The goal of the study was to capture personal reflections individuals on the process of their adaptation in a new environment. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews and processed through phenomenological analysis. The results pointed to questions of defining home, accepting or rejecting the local language and applying various ways of adaptation depending on age. The study provided insight into the topic and confirmed the importance of considering individual experience of individuals when analysing migration issues. The results of the study will further be used in creating educational and therapeutic programmes for people with the experience of migration.
- Klíčová slova
- domov,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emigrace a imigrace * MeSH
- jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
- kultura MeSH
- kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- sebepojetí * MeSH
- sociální přizpůsobení * MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
How modern humans dispersed into Eurasia and Australasia, including the number of separate expansions and their timings, is highly debated [1, 2]. Two categories of models are proposed for the dispersal of non-Africans: (1) single dispersal, i.e., a single major diffusion of modern humans across Eurasia and Australasia [3-5]; and (2) multiple dispersal, i.e., additional earlier population expansions that may have contributed to the genetic diversity of some present-day humans outside of Africa [6-9]. Many variants of these models focus largely on Asia and Australasia, neglecting human dispersal into Europe, thus explaining only a subset of the entire colonization process outside of Africa [3-5, 8, 9]. The genetic diversity of the first modern humans who spread into Europe during the Late Pleistocene and the impact of subsequent climatic events on their demography are largely unknown. Here we analyze 55 complete human mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) of hunter-gatherers spanning ∼35,000 years of European prehistory. We unexpectedly find mtDNA lineage M in individuals prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This lineage is absent in contemporary Europeans, although it is found at high frequency in modern Asians, Australasians, and Native Americans. Dating the most recent common ancestor of each of the modern non-African mtDNA clades reveals their single, late, and rapid dispersal less than 55,000 years ago. Demographic modeling not only indicates an LGM genetic bottleneck, but also provides surprising evidence of a major population turnover in Europe around 14,500 years ago during the Late Glacial, a period of climatic instability at the end of the Pleistocene.
- MeSH
- běloši genetika MeSH
- černoši genetika MeSH
- emigrace a imigrace MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- genom lidský * MeSH
- genom mitochondriální MeSH
- haplotypy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA genetika MeSH
- starobylá DNA * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Afrika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
To sustain human deep space exploration or extra-terrestrial settlements where no resupply from the Earth or other planets is possible, technologies for in situ food production, water, air, and waste recovery need to be developed. The Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) is such a Regenerative Life Support System (RLSS) and it builds on several bacterial bioprocesses. However, alterations in gravity, temperature, and radiation associated with the space environment can affect survival and functionality of the microorganisms. In this study, representative strains of different carbon and nitrogen metabolisms with application in the MELiSSA were selected for launch and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) exposure. An edible photoautotrophic strain (Arthrospira sp. PCC 8005), a photoheterotrophic strain (Rhodospirillum rubrum S1H), a ureolytic heterotrophic strain (Cupriavidus pinatubonensis 1245), and combinations of C. pinatubonensis 1245 and autotrophic ammonia and nitrite oxidizing strains (Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC19718, Nitrosomonas ureae Nm10, and Nitrobacter winogradskyi Nb255) were sent to the International Space Station (ISS) for 7 days. There, the samples were exposed to 2.8 mGy, a dose 140 times higher than on the Earth, and a temperature of 22°C ± 1°C. On return to the Earth, the cultures were reactivated and their growth and activity were compared with terrestrial controls stored under refrigerated (5°C ± 2°C) or room temperature (22°C ± 1°C and 21°C ± 0°C) conditions. Overall, no difference was observed between terrestrial and ISS samples. Most cultures presented lower cell viability after the test, regardless of the type of exposure, indicating a harsher effect of the storage and sample preparation than the spaceflight itself. Postmission analysis revealed the successful survival and proliferation of all cultures except for Arthrospira, which suffered from the premission depressurization test. These observations validate the possibility of launching, storing, and reactivating bacteria with essential functionalities for microbial bioprocesses in RLSS.
