• Klíčová slova
• AUX/IAA transcriptional regulators, Arabidopsis, Auxin F-Box (AFB), Auxin Response Factors (ARFs), Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1), auxin, canonical auxin signalling pathway, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), kinase, receptor, TIR1/AFB co-receptor, non-canonical auxin signalling pathway, ubiquitination,
• MeSH
• fyziologie rostlin * MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny indoloctové MeSH

Dishevelled (DVL) proteins are key mediators of most Wnt pathways. In all vertebrates, three DVL paralogs are present (DVL1, DVL2 and DVL3) but it is poorly defined to what extent they are functionally redundant. Here, we generated T-REx HEK 293 cells with only one DVL paralog (i.e., DVL1-only, DVL2-only, and DVL3-only) and compared their response to Wnt-3a and Wnt-5a ligands with wild type and DVL triple knockout cells. We show that DVL is essential, in addition to the previously shown Wnt-3a-induced phosphorylation of LRP6 and transcriptional activation of TCF/LEF-dependent reporter, also for Wnt-3a-induced degradation of AXIN1 and Wnt-5a-induced phosphorylation of ROR1. We have quantified the molar ratios of DVL1:DVL2:DVL3 in our model to be approximately 4:80:16. Interestingly, DVL-only cells do not compensate for the lack of other paralogs and are still fully functional in all analyzed readouts with the exception of Wnt-3a-induced transcription assessed by TopFlash assay. In this assay, the DVL1-only cell line was the most potent; on the contrary, the DVL3-only cell line exhibited only the negligible capacity to mediate Wnt signals. Using a novel model system - complementation assays in T-REx HEK 293 with amplified Wnt signal response (RNF43/ZNRF3/DVL1/DVL2/DVL3 penta KO cells) we demonstrate that it is not the total amount of DVL but ratio of individual paralogs what decides the signal strength. In sum, this study contributes to our better understanding of the role of individual human DVL paralogs in the Wnt pathway.

• Klíčová slova
• Axin1, CRISPR/Cas9, Dishevelled 1/2/3, ROR1, Wnt signalling,
• MeSH
• aktivace transkripce MeSH
• fosfoproteiny * metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protein dishevelled metabolismus   MeSH
• signální dráha Wnt * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfoproteiny * MeSH
• protein dishevelled MeSH

Flavescence dorée (FD) is a phytoplasma disease transmitted by insects, causing severe damage in vineyards across Europe. Since there is no effective treatment, infected plants must be removed to prevent further spread. There is variation in susceptibility to FD among different grapevine cultivars, and some exhibit symptom remission, known as recovery, although the mechanisms behind this are unclear. Diseased plants accumulate soluble sugars, including sucrose, which influences the concentration of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), a signalling molecule affecting plant growth and stress responses. It is hypothesized that sucrose-mediated signalling via T6P could trigger defence mechanisms, reducing FD pathogen load and increasing plant recovery. To test this hypothesis, two grapevine genotypes with different susceptibility to FD were compared, revealing increased sucrose level and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) activity in the more tolerant cultivar. However, FD-infected plants showed inhibited sucrose-cleaving enzymes and no activation of TPS expression. Attempts to enhance sucrose levels through trunk infusion and girdling promoted sucrose metabolism, T6P biosynthesis, and defence gene expression, facilitating symptom recovery. Girdling particularly enhanced T6P biosynthesis and expression of defence genes above the treatment point, reducing FD pathogen presence and promoting recovery. These findings indicate that elevated sucrose levels, possibly signalling through T6P, may limit FD pathogen spread, aiding in plant recovery.

• Klíčová slova
• Defence-associated genes, phytoplasma disease, recovery, sugar metabolism, sugar signalling, trehalose-6-phosphate,
• MeSH
• cukerné fosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosyltransferasy metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• listy rostlin mikrobiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Phytoplasma * fyziologie   MeSH
• sacharosa * metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• trehalosa analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• Vitis * mikrobiologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cukerné fosfáty MeSH
• glukosyltransferasy MeSH
• sacharosa * MeSH
• trehalosa MeSH
• trehalose-6-phosphate MeSH Prohlížeč

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is steadily gaining more attention in the field of molecular biology research. It is a major REDOX (reduction⁻oxidation reaction) metabolite and at high concentrations induces oxidative damage to biomolecules, which can culminate in cell death. However, at concentrations in the low nanomolar range, H₂O₂ acts as a signalling molecule and in many aspects, resembles phytohormones. Though its signalling network in plants is much less well characterized than are those of its counterparts in yeast or mammals, accumulating evidence indicates that the role of H₂O₂-mediated signalling in plant cells is possibly even more indispensable. In this review, we summarize hydrogen peroxide metabolism in plants, the sources and sinks of this compound and its transport via peroxiporins. We outline H₂O₂ perception, its direct and indirect effects and known targets in the transcriptional machinery. We focus on the role of H₂O₂ in plant growth and development and discuss the crosstalk between it and phytohormones. In addition to a literature review, we performed a meta-analysis of available transcriptomics data which provided further evidence for crosstalk between H₂O₂ and light, nutrient signalling, temperature stress, drought stress and hormonal pathways.

• Klíčová slova
• H2O2, growth and development, plant hormone, signalling, stress,
• MeSH
• biologický transport MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• vývoj rostlin * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

Mutual interactions of the phytohormones, cytokinins and auxin determine root or shoot identity during postembryonic de novo organogenesis in plants. However, our understanding of the role of hormonal metabolism and perception during early stages of cell fate reprogramming is still elusive. Here we show that auxin activates root formation, whereas cytokinins mediate early loss of the root identity, primordia disorganisation and initiation of shoot development. Exogenous and endogenous cytokinins influence the initiation of newly formed organs, as well as the pace of organ development. The process of de novo shoot apical meristem establishment is accompanied by accumulation of endogenous cytokinins, differential regulation of genes for individual cytokinin receptors, strong activation of AHK4-mediated signalling and induction of the shoot-specific homeodomain regulator WUSCHEL. The last is associated with upregulation of isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins, revealing higher shoot-forming potential when compared with trans-zeatin. Moreover, AHK4-controlled cytokinin signalling negatively regulates the root stem cell organiser WUSCHEL RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 in the root quiescent centre. We propose an important role for endogenous cytokinin biosynthesis and AHK4-mediated cytokinin signalling in the control of de novo-induced organ identity.

• Klíčová slova
• Arabidopsis, Cytokinin metabolism, Cytokinin signalling, De novo organogenesis, Root, Shoot,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis cytologie   embryologie   genetika   MeSH
• cytokininy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• homeodoménové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• meristém cytologie   embryologie   MeSH
• organogeneze rostlin fyziologie   MeSH
• proteinkinasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokininy MeSH
• homeodoménové proteiny MeSH
• proteinkinasy MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu MeSH
• WOL protein, Arabidopsis MeSH Prohlížeč
• WUSCHEL protein, Arabidopsis MeSH Prohlížeč

Heat shock proteins 90 (HSP90) are essential and play critical roles in the adaptation of organisms to diverse stimuli. In plants, HSP90 are involved in auxin, jasmonate and brassinosteroid (BR) signalling pathways. The BR-promoted activation of the BES1 transcription factor regulates BR-responsive genes. Using genetic, physiological, fluorescence live cell imaging, molecular and biochemical approaches, such as phenotypic analysis, co-immunoprecipitation assay, yeast-two hybrid and Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), we studied complex formation between BES1 and HSP90 under control conditions and active BR signalling. Further, we determined the effect of the pharmacological inhibition of HSP90 ATPase activity on hypocotyl elongation of bes1-D mutant. We determined that HSP90 interact with BES1 in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. During active BR signalling, nuclear complexes were absent while cytoplasmic HSP90/BES1 complexes were prominent. Our results showed that the hypocotyl length of bes1-D mutants was highly reduced when HSP90 was challenged by the geldanamycin (GDA) inhibitor of the ATPase activity of HSP90. Active BR signalling could not rescue the GDA effect on the hypocotyl elongation of bes1-D. Our results reveal that the constitutively active BES1 in the bes1-D mutant is hypersensitive to GDA. The interaction of HSP90 with BES1 argues that HSP90 facilitate the nuclear metastable conformation of BES1 to regulate BR-dependent gene expression, and our data show that HSP90 assist in the compartmentalised cycle of BES1 during active BR signalling.

• Klíčová slova
• Arabidopsis, BES1, BR signalling, GDA inhibition, hypocotyl elongation, molecular chaperones,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis * MeSH
• brassinosteroidy * metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku * metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP90 * metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• tabák metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• BES1 protein, Arabidopsis MeSH Prohlížeč
• brassinosteroidy * MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku * MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP90 * MeSH

The continuous use of herbicides for controlling weeds has led to the evolution of resistance to all major herbicidal modes of action globally. Every year, new cases of herbicide resistance are reported. Resistance is still in progress in many species, which must be stopped before it becomes a worldwide concern. Several herbicides are known to cause stressful conditions that resemble plant abiotic stresses. Variation in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration is a primary event in a wide range of biological processes in plants, including adaptation to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Ca2+ acts as a secondary messenger, connecting various environmental stimuli to different biological processes, especially during stress rejoindering in plants. Even though many studies involving Ca2+ signalling in plants have been published, there have been no studies on the roles of Ca2+ signalling in herbicide stress response. Hence, this mini-review will highlight the possible sensing and molecular communication via Ca2+ signals in weeds under herbicide stress. It will also discuss some critical points regarding integrating the sensing mechanisms of multiple stress conditions and subsequent molecular communication. These signalling responses must be addressed in the future, enabling researchers to discover new herbicidal targets.

• Klíčová slova
• abiotic stress, calcium signalling, food security, herbicide resistance, weeds,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

From tumorigenesis to the establishment of local or metastatic high-grade tumours, an integral part of the cellular lifespan relies on various signalling pathways. Particular pathways that allow cells to proliferate by creating a network of new blood vessels have been documented, whereas other pathways are primarily involved with a migration to distant body parts, partially through the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This review will discuss the different signalling pathways, such as TGF-β, Cripto-1, Wnt pathways, Hedgehog, Notch and NF-κB pathways, and how they promote tumour initiation and progression by influencing diverse cellular processes and EMT in general and in benign and malignant prostate tumours. This review will discuss only the critical pathways. Therefore, many other types of signalling pathways which are related to prostate cancer will not be discussed. Possibilities for further investigation will be mentioned, as many underlying mechanisms involved in these pathways have potential as targets in future tumour therapy. This review will also introduce some novel clinical trials relating to the inhibition of signalling pathways and their clinical outcomes.

• Klíčová slova
• EMT, Hedgehog, NF-κB, Notch, Prostate cancer, TGF, WNT/β-catenin, castration resistance, signalling pathways, therapeutic target, β,
• MeSH
• epitelo-mezenchymální tranzice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prostaty * patologie   metabolismus   terapie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• NF-kappa B metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny hedgehog metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * fyziologie   MeSH
• transformující růstový faktor beta metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• NF-kappa B MeSH
• proteiny hedgehog MeSH
• transformující růstový faktor beta MeSH

Overcoming host defensive traits is a prerequisite to establish compatible plant-parasite interactions. Following parasite perception, jasmonic (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathways mediate biotic stress signals resulting in the activation of host defence responses. Piercing-sucking grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) infests Vitis spp. by the formation of organoid root galls. This study aims to investigate whether host defensive SA/JA signalling pathways are affected during D. vitifoliae infestation. We hypothesize that the JA signalling pathway is induced during larval probing (14 hai). Compatible root gall formation (24 hai - 14 dai) involves the reduction of the JA, but the induction of the SA signaling pathway. T5C (V.berlandieri x V.riparia) cuttings are infested with a D. vitifoliae single founder lineage (biotype C). Phytohormone quantification (HPLC-MS) and transcriptional alterations of JA/SA marker genes (qRT-PCR) are determined in root tissues from larval probing (14 hai) until gall formation (>14 dai). Non-infested root tips are considered controls. Our results show a significant induction of all analysed JA marker genes during insect probing (14 hai), but their significant reduction during early gall formation (24 hai). Following gall formation (5-14 dai) SA and JA-Ile increase. However, only the analysed SA marker genes are induced, whereas JA marker gene expression levels are significantly reduced. Based on this data we conclude that the observed suppression of the JA signalling pathway might represent an important step for the compatible D. vitifoliae - Vitis spp. root interaction. We discuss whether the induced SA defences protect nutritive root galls against soil microbes.

• Klíčová slova
• Grape phylloxera, Insect probing, Plant defence, Root gall formation, SA/JA signalling, Vitis spp,
• MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina salicylová metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory rostlin parazitologie   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• Vitis metabolismus   parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cyklopentany MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyselina salicylová MeSH
• oxylipiny MeSH

The crosstalk between second messengers, hormones and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in plant signalling systems facilitates adaptation and survival in the face of diverse environmental stresses. This review focuses on the transduction of second messenger and hormone signals by MAPK modules in plant abiotic stress responses. We discuss how this crosstalk regulates gene expression (e.g. by controlling transcription factor activity) and other cellular and physiological responses to enable adaptation and/or resistance to abiotic stresses.

• Klíčová slova
• Cross-talk, Hormone, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Plant, Second messenger, Signalling, Stress,
• MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• fyziologie rostlin * MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH