Fungi represent a group of soil microorganisms fulfilling important ecological functions. Although several studies have shown that yeasts represent a significant proportion of fungal communities, our current knowledge is based mainly on cultivation experiments. In this study, we used amplicon sequencing of environmental DNA to describe the composition of yeast communities in European temperate forest and to identify the potential biotic and abiotic drivers of community assembly. Based on the analysis of ITS2 PCR amplicons, yeasts represented a substantial proportion of fungal communities ranging from 0.4 to 14.3% of fungal sequences in soil and 0.2 to 9.9% in litter. The species richness at individual sites was 28 ± 9 in soil and 31 ± 11 in litter. The basidiomycetous yeasts dominated over ascomycetous ones. In litter, yeast communities differed significantly among beech-, oak- and spruce-dominated stands. Drivers of community assembly are probably more complex in soils and comprise the effects of environmental conditions and vegetation.

• Klíčová slova
• forest, metagenomics, microbial ecology, soil microbiology, yeast ecology, yeasts in soil,
• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• buk (rod) mikrobiologie   MeSH
• houby genetika   MeSH
• kvasinky klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• lesy * MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH
• smrk mikrobiologie   MeSH
• stromy mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH

Analysis of polar lipids from eight psychrophilic yeasts (Cryptococcus victoriae, Cystofilobasidium capitatum, Holtermaniella wattica, Mrakiella aquatica, M. cryoconiti, Rhodotorula lignophila, Kondoa malvinella and Trichosporon aggtelekiense) grown at 4-28°C by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/high resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry determined 17 classes of lipids and identified dozens of molecular species of phospholipids including their regioisomers. Most of the yeasts were able to grow over the whole temperature range, reaching the highest biomass at 4 or 10°C. On temperature drop to 4°C, all eight strains showed a significant decrease of MUFA and a simultaneous increase of PUFA such as α-linolenic acid, the content of which in the biomass reached up to 20%. We also found alterations in the proportions of individual phospholipids (PI, PE and PC), the PC/PE-ratio decreasing with decreasing temperature. With increasing temperature the content of PoO-PC rose while that of LL-PC decreased, the drop in the content of LL-PC being nearly 100-fold while the content of PoO-PC increased more than twice. A change in temperature brought about changes in molecular species of PC (molecular species PO-PC versus OP-PC) as well as PE, i.e. PO-PE and OP-PE. The phase transition temperature of PO-PC differs from OP-PC by 7°C and the difference between PO-PE and OP-PE is some 10°C; we thus assume that the cell compensates for the adverse temperature effect by changing the fatty acids in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.

• Klíčová slova
• Lipidomic analysis, Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phospholipids, Psychrophilic yeast, Regioisomers,
• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• fosfolipidy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kvasinky růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny biosyntéza   chemie   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů * MeSH
• metabolomika metody   MeSH
• teplota * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfolipidy MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

We investigated the possibility of utilizing both oleaginous yeast species accumulating large amounts of lipids (Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida sp.) and traditional biotechnological non-oleaginous ones characterized by high biomass yield (Kluyveromyces polysporus, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as potential producers of biofuel-utilizable and nutritionally valuable lipids. The main objective was to increase lipid accumulation by increasing C/P ratio together with higher C/N ratio, while maintaining high biomass yield. The C/N ratio of 30 was found to lead to higher biomass content and the total lipid content increased significantly with higher C/P ratio. With higher ratios of both C/N and C/P, the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) in cell lipids increased while polyunsaturated FAs decreased. Oleaginous yeast species had a lower proportion of unsaturated FAs (approx. 80 %) than non-oleaginous strains (approx. 90 %). At a C/N ratio of 30 and C/P ratio 1043, T. cutaneum produced a high amount of ω-6 unsaturated linoleic acid, the precursor of some prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, while Candida sp. and K. polysporus accumulated a high content of palmitoleic acid.

• MeSH
• cytosol chemie   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• kvasinky růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík MeSH
• fosfáty MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

The growth of microorganisms is affected by cultivation conditions, concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources and the presence of trace elements. One of the new possibilities of influencing the production of cell mass or lipids is the use of lanthanides. Lanthanides are biologically non-essential elements with wide applications in technology and industry and their concentration as environmental contaminants is therefore increasing. Although non-essential, lanthanides have been proposed (and even used) to produce beneficial effects in plants but their mechanisms of action are unclear. Recently, it was suggested that they may replace essential elements or operate as potent blockers of Ca(2+) channels. We tested the effect of low concentrations of lanthanides on traditional biotechnologically useful yeast species (Kluyveromyces polysporus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulospora delbrueckii), and species capable of high accumulation of lipids (Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida sp., Yarrowia lipolytica). Low concentrations of lanthanum and monazite were conducive to an increase in cell mass and lipids and also higher production of palmitoleic acid, commonly used in cosmetics and medicine, and ω6-linoleic acid which is a precursor of thromboxanes, prostaglandins and leucotrienes.

• Klíčová slova
• Fatty acids, Lanthanides, Microbial lipids, Non-oleaginous yeasts, Oleaginous yeasts,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• kvasinky účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• lanthanoidy farmakologie   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny biosyntéza   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• průmyslová mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kultivační média MeSH
• lanthanoidy MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

Basidiomycetous and ascomycetous yeast species were tested for manganese tolerance. Basidiomycetous Cryptococcus humicola, Cryptococcus terricola, Cryptococcus curvatus and ascomycetous Candida maltosa, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kuraishia capsulata, Lindnera fabianii and Sacharomyces cerevisiae were able to grow at manganese excess (2.5 mmol/L), while the growth of basidiomycetous Rhodotorula bogoriensis was completely suppressed. The lag phase duration increased and the exponential growth rate decreased at manganese excess. The increase of cell size and enlargement of vacuoles were characteristics for the cells grown at manganese excess. The alterations in inorganic polyphosphate content and cellular localization were studied. L. fabianii, K. capsulata, C. maltosa, and Cr. humicola accumulated the higher amounts of inorganic polyphosphates, while Cr. terricola and Cr. curvatus demonstrated no such accumulation. The polyphosphate content in the cell wall tested by DAPI staining increased in all species under the study; however, this effect was more pronounced in Cr. terricola and Cr. curvatus. The accumulation of Mg(2+) in the cell wall under Mn(2+) excess was observed in Cr. humicola, Cr. curvatus and Cr. terricola. The accumulation of polyphosphate and magnesium in the cell wall was supposed to be a factor of manganese tolerance in yeasts.

• MeSH
• buněčná stěna chemie   MeSH
• hořčík metabolismus   MeSH
• kvasinky cytologie   účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• mangan metabolismus   MeSH
• polyfosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• tolerance léku * MeSH
• vakuoly metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hořčík MeSH
• mangan MeSH
• polyfosfáty MeSH

Four plants, Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Equisetum arvense (field horsetail), Oxalis acetosella (wood sorrel) and Phragmites australis (common reed), which grew in an abandoned Sb-mining area in Pernek (Malé Karpaty Mts., Slovakia), were investigated for the yeast species. Yeasts were isolated from both the leaves of the plants and the soil adjacent to the plants. In total, 65 yeast cultures, belonging to 11 ascomycetous and 5 basidiomycetous yeast species, were isolated. The species most frequently isolated from both the soil and leaf samples were Trichosporon porosum, Galactomyces candidus and Candida solani, whereas Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida tsuchiyae and Sporidiobolus metaroseus were isolated exclusively from the plant leaves. All the yeast species isolated were tested for their tolerance to two heavy metals (Cd, Zn) and three metalloids (As, Sb and Si). The yeasts isolated from both the leaves and soils exhibited a high tolerance level to both As and Sb, present in elevated concentrations at the locality. Among the yeast species tested, Cryptococcus musci, a close relative to Cryptococcus humicola, was the species most tolerant to all the chemical elements tested, with the exception of Si. It grew in the presence of 200 mmol/L Zn, 200 mmol/L Cd, 60 mmol/L As and 50 mmol/L Sb, and therefore, it can be considered as a multi-tolerant species. Some of the yeast species were tolerant to the individual chemical elements. The yeast-like species Trichosporon laibachii exhibited the highest tolerance to Si of all yeasts tested, and Cryptococcus flavescens and Lindnera saturnus showed the same tolerance as Cryptococcus musci to Zn and As, respectively. The majority of the yeasts showed a notably low tolerance to Cd (not exceeded 0.5 mmol/L), which was present in small amounts in the soil. However, Candida solani, isolated from the soil, exhibited a higher tolerance to Cd (20 mmol/L) than to As (2 mmol/L).

• MeSH
• biologická adaptace * MeSH
• hornictví * MeSH
• kvasinky * růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• listy rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí * MeSH
• nebezpečné látky * MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• rostliny mikrobiologie   MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nebezpečné látky * MeSH
• půda MeSH

The possibility of utilizing volatile fatty acids (VFA)-containing waste substrates from biotechnological and industrial processes was investigated by cultivating both oleaginous (Candida sp., Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon cutaneum, Yarrowia lipolytica) and non-oleaginous (Kluyveromyces polysporus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii) yeast species on acetic acid, propionic acid and a combination of either acid with glucose as carbon and energy sources. Both oleaginous and non-oleaginous yeasts grew on VFA. Oleaginous yeasts accumulated lipids to 15-48% of dry cell weight, non-oleaginous yeasts also grew on VFA and showed comparable biomass yields but the lipid content was only 2-5%. Biomass and lipid yield increased in cultivations on VFA plus glucose. The lipid composition was comparable to plant-derived oils and therefore might be exploitable in biodiesel production; nearly all species, when cultured on propionate, showed a high content of the desirable odd-chain unsaturated FA, especially 17:1 acid. This study points at the wide array of possible applications of many yeasts, even non-oleaginous strains, for biovalorization of industrial wastes. Despite their low lipid content these species are useful because they can readily utilize VFA from waste products and, since they are not biologically hazardous, their biomass can be afterwards used, e.g. as livestock fodder.

• Klíčová slova
• biodiesel, fatty acids, microbial lipids, non-oleaginous yeasts, oleaginous yeasts, volatile fatty acids,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• kvasinky chemie   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina octová metabolismus   MeSH
• lipidy analýza   MeSH
• propionáty metabolismus   MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosa MeSH
• kyselina octová MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• propionáty MeSH
• propionic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• uhlík MeSH

Precursor-directed biosynthesis was used for directed preparation of positional isomers of heptadecanoic acid (17:1), which have convenient pharmacological properties. Cultivation of Candida sp., Kluyveromyces polysporus, Rhodotorula glutinis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Trichosporon cutaneum, and Yarrowia lipolytica on 20 g/L glucose, 4 g/L acetic, or 4 g/L propionic acids yielded different proportions of 17:1. Cultivation on carbon sources with even numbers of carbon atoms (glucose and acetic acid) produced preferentially 8Z- and 10Z-heptadecenoic acids in about equal amounts, in agreement with the proposed biosynthesis of fatty acids, whereas cultivation on propionic acid as the only carbon source produced over 90 % of total fatty acids of 9-17:1 out of all possible positional isomers. The structures of positional isomers of 17:1 acid were determined using dimethyl disulfides of fatty acid methyl esters. In cultivation of Candida sp. on propionic acid, the yield of heptadecenoic acid reached 111 mg/L cultivation medium. Principal component analysis was used for identifying the effect of cultivation conditions on the production of the 17:1 acid by individual yeast strains.

• MeSH
• isomerie MeSH
• kvasinky chemie   klasifikace   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny biosyntéza   chemie   MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

In this work hydrothermally pretreated wheat straw was used for production of bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and carotene-enriched biomass by red yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis, Cystofilobasidium capitatum and Sporobolomyces roseus. To evaluate the convertibility of pretreated wheat straw into ethanol, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of S. cerevisiae was performed under semi-anaerobic conditions. The highest ethanol production efficiency of 65-66% was obtained following pretreatment at 200°C without the catalytic action of acetic acid, and at 195 and 200°C respectively in the presence of catalyst. Red yeast strain S. roseus produced 1.73-2.22 mg g(-1) of ergosterol on the filter cake, 1.15-4.17 mg g(-1) of ergosterol and 1.23-1.56 mg g(-1) of β-carotene on pretreated wheat straw hydrolysates and also the highest amount of carotenoids and ergosterol on untreated wheat straw (1.70 and 4.17 mg g(-1), respectively).

• MeSH
• biomasa * MeSH
• biopaliva mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bioreaktory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• biotechnologie metody   MeSH
• ergosterol biosyntéza   MeSH
• ethanol metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• hydrolýza účinky léků   MeSH
• karotenoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• kvasinky účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• odpadní produkty analýza   MeSH
• pšenice účinky léků   MeSH
• sacharidy chemie   MeSH
• teplota * MeSH
• voda farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biopaliva MeSH
• ergosterol MeSH
• ethanol MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• karotenoidy MeSH
• odpadní produkty MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH
• voda MeSH

This paper investigates the in vitro antimicrobial potential of 15 grape phenolic compounds of various chemical classes (phenolic acids, stilbenes and flavonoids) using the broth microdilution method against yeasts and acetic acid bacteria frequently occurring in deteriorated wine. Pterostilbene (MICs=32-128 μg/mL), resveratrol (MICs=256-512 μg/mL) and luteolin (MICs=256-512 μg/mL) are among six active compounds that possessed the strongest inhibitory effects against all microorganisms tested. In the case of phenolic acids, myricetin, p-coumaric and ferulic acids exhibited selective antimicrobial activity (MICs=256-512 μg/mL), depending upon yeasts and bacteria tested. In comparison with potassium metabisulphite, all microorganisms tested were more susceptible to the phenolics. The results revealed the antibacterial and antiyeast effects against wine spoilage microorganisms of several highly potent phenolics naturally occurring in grapes. These findings also provide arguments for further investigation of stilbenes as prospective compounds reducing the need for the use of sulphites in winemaking.

• MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• fenoly farmakologie   MeSH
• flavonoidy farmakologie   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kvasinky účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kyselina octová metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• siřičitany farmakologie   MeSH
• stilbeny farmakologie   MeSH
• víno mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Vitis chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fenoly MeSH
• flavonoidy MeSH
• kyselina octová MeSH
• potassium metabisulfite MeSH Prohlížeč
• siřičitany MeSH
• stilbeny MeSH