Salinity stress is a significant challenge in agricultural production. When soil contains high salts, it can adversely affect plant growth and productivity due to the high concentration of soluble salts in the soil water. To overcome this issue, foliar applications of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and gibberellic acid (GA3) can be productive amendments. Both can potentially improve the plant's growth attributes and flowering, which are imperative in improving growth and yield. However, limited literature is available on their combined use in canola to mitigate salinity stress. That's why the current study investigates the impact of different levels of MJ (at concentrations of 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mM MJ) and GA3 (0GA3 and 5 mg/L GA3) on canola cultivated in salt-affected soils. Applying all the treatments in four replicates. Results indicate that the application of 0.8 mM MJ with 5 mg/L GA3 significantly enhances shoot length (23.29%), shoot dry weight (24.77%), number of leaves per plant (24.93%), number of flowering branches (26.11%), chlorophyll a (31.44%), chlorophyll b (20.28%) and total chlorophyll (27.66%) and shoot total soluble carbohydrates (22.53%) over control. Treatment with 0.8 mM MJ and 5 mg/L GA3 resulted in a decrease in shoot proline (48.17%), MDA (81.41%), SOD (50.59%), POD (14.81%) while increase in N (10.38%), P (15.22%), and K (8.05%) compared to control in canola under salinity stress. In conclusion, 0.8 mM MJ + 5 mg/L GA3 can improve canola growth under salinity stress. More investigations are recommended at the field level to declare 0.8 mM MJ + 5 mg/L GA3 as the best amendment for alleviating salinity stress in different crops.
- Klíčová slova
- Antioxidants, Growth attributes, Growth hormones, Nutrients concentration, Salinity stress,
- MeSH
- acetáty * farmakologie MeSH
- antioxidancia * metabolismus MeSH
- Brassica napus * růst a vývoj účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- cyklopentany * farmakologie MeSH
- gibereliny * metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- listy rostlin účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- oxylipiny * farmakologie MeSH
- půda * chemie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
- solný stres účinky léků MeSH
- živiny metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- acetáty * MeSH
- antioxidancia * MeSH
- chlorofyl MeSH
- cyklopentany * MeSH
- gibberellic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- gibereliny * MeSH
- methyl jasmonate MeSH Prohlížeč
- oxylipiny * MeSH
- půda * MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
Strigolactones are a class of phytohormones with various functions in plant development, stress responses, and in the interaction with (micro)organisms in the rhizosphere. While their effects on vegetative development are well studied, little is known about their role in reproduction. We investigated the effects of genetic and chemical modification of strigolactone levels on the timing and intensity of flowering in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and the molecular mechanisms underlying such effects. Results showed that strigolactone levels in the shoot, whether endogenous or exogenous, correlate inversely with the time of anthesis and directly with the number of flowers and the transcript levels of the florigen-encoding gene SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) in the leaves. Transcript quantifications coupled with metabolite analyses demonstrated that strigolactones promote flowering in tomato by inducing the activation of the microRNA319-LANCEOLATE module in leaves. This, in turn, decreases gibberellin content and increases the transcription of SFT. Several other floral markers and morpho-anatomical features of developmental progression are induced in the apical meristems upon treatment with strigolactones, affecting floral transition and, more markedly, flower development. Thus, strigolactones promote meristem maturation and flower development via the induction of SFT both before and after floral transition, and their effects are blocked in plants expressing a miR319-resistant version of LANCEOLATE. Our study positions strigolactones in the context of the flowering regulation network in a model crop species.
- Klíčová slova
- LANCEOLATE, flowering, miR319, strigolactones, tomato,
- MeSH
- gibereliny metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- květy * účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus genetika MeSH
- laktony * metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- mikro RNA * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * účinky léků MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum * genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- gibereliny MeSH
- laktony * MeSH
- mikro RNA * MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
2,4-D is a broadly used auxin herbicide. The presence of the 2,4-D synthetic auxin in the medium is imperative for long-term BY-2 tobacco suspension viability. The precise mechanism of this symbiosis of the suspension and the synthetic auxin remains unclear. Our goal was to study the hormonal regulation of the growth of the cell suspension; and to describe the experiments clarifying the interaction between the chosen growth regulators and phytohormones on the cellular level, specifically between the 2,4-D synthetic auxin and the native stress phytohormone - ethylene. This study examined the influence of low 2,4-D concentrations stimulating cell growth in vitro as well as the influence of high herbicide concentrations on the model tobacco BY-2 suspension. The culture took 6 days. Different parameters were evaluated, including the influence of different 2,4-D concentrations on the production of the phytohormone ethylene and its precursor 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the tobacco cells. The content of 2,4-D in the cells and the medium was established. The observations of the morphological changes showed that a heavy impregnation of the cell walls taking place depending on the concentration of 2,4-D. A dramatic increase in protective polysaccharides and a remodulation of the cell walls by the formation of a pectin shield in artificial conditions were expected and observed. At the same time, massive production of the stress phytohormone ethylene took place, and, because of that, plant mutagenicity, anomalous tumour-type proliferation growth, and the production of supercells were observed. The hypothesis of the protective shield is discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D, BY-2 cell suspension, Ethylene, Pectin shield, Plant mutagenicity,
- MeSH
- ethyleny MeSH
- herbicidy * farmakologie MeSH
- kyselina 2,4-dichlorfenoxyoctová farmakologie MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- ethylene MeSH Prohlížeč
- ethyleny MeSH
- herbicidy * MeSH
- kyselina 2,4-dichlorfenoxyoctová MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
Motivated by the clinical success of gold(I) metallotherapeutic Auranofin in the effective treatment of both inflammatory and cancer diseases, we decided to prepare, characterize, and further study the [Au(kin)(PPh3)] complex (1), where Hkin = kinetin, 6-furfuryladenine, for its in vitro anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that the complex (1) had significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780R, PC-3, 22Rv1, and THP-1), with IC50 ≈ 1-5 μM, which was even significantly better than that for the conventional platinum-based drug Cisplatin while comparable with Auranofin. Although its ability to inhibit transcription factor NF-κB activity did not exceed the comparative drug Auranofin, it has been found that it is able to positively influence peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and as a consequence of this to have the impact of moderating/reducing inflammation. The cellular effects of the complex (1) in A2780 cancer cells were also investigated by cell cycle analysis, induction of apoptosis, intracellular ROS production, activation of caspases 3/7 and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and shotgun proteomic analysis. Proteomic analysis of R2780 cells treated with complex (1) and starting compounds revealed possible different places of the effect of the studied compounds. Moreover, the time-dependent cellular accumulation of copper was studied by means of the mass spectrometry study with the aim of exploring the possible mechanisms responsible for its biological effects.
- Klíčová slova
- PPAR, ROS, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, apoptosis, cell cycle, gold(I) complex, in vitro, kinetin,
- MeSH
- apoptóza MeSH
- auranofin farmakologie MeSH
- kinetin farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nádory vaječníků * metabolismus MeSH
- PPAR gama MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin farmakologie MeSH
- zlato * farmakologie chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- auranofin MeSH
- kinetin MeSH
- PPAR gama MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
- zlato * MeSH
In this study, the role of the signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) in magnetopriming-mediated induction of salinity tolerance in soybean seeds is established. The cross-talk of NO with germination-related hormones gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) for their ability to reduce the Na+/K+ ratio in the seeds germinating under salinity is highlighted. Salt tolerance index was significantly high for seedlings emerging from magnetoprimed seeds and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO-donor) treatment. The NO and superoxide (O2•-) levels were also increased in both of these treatments under non-saline and saline conditions. NO generation through nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase-like (NOS-like) pathways indicated the major contribution of NO from the NR-catalysed reaction. The relative expression of genes involved in the NO biosynthetic pathways reiterated the indulgence of NR in NO in magnetoprimed seeds, as a 3.86-fold increase in expression was observed over unprimed seeds under salinity. A 23.26-fold increase in relative expression of NR genes by the NO donor (SNP) was observed under salinity, while the NR inhibitor (sodium tungstate, ST) caused maximum reduction in expression of NR genes as compared to other inhibitors [L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase-like enzyme) and DPI (diphenylene iodonium; NADPH oxidase inhibitor)]. The ratio of ABA/GA and IAA/GA decreased in magnetoprimed and NO donor-treated seeds, suggesting homeostasis amongst hormones during germination under salinity. The magnetoprimed seeds showed low Na+/K+ ratio in all treatments irrespective of NO inhibitors. Altogether, our results indicate that a balance of ABA, GA and IAA is maintained by the signalling molecule NO in magnetoprimed seeds which lowers the Na+/K+ ratio to offset the adverse effects of salinity in soybean seeds.
- Klíčová slova
- germination, growth hormones, magnetopriming, nitric oxide, salt stress, tolerance,
- MeSH
- donory oxidu dusnatého farmakologie MeSH
- Glycine max * MeSH
- hormony metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- oxid dusnatý metabolismus MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- semena rostlinná metabolismus MeSH
- solný stres MeSH
- synthasa oxidu dusnatého metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- donory oxidu dusnatého MeSH
- hormony MeSH
- kyselina abscisová MeSH
- oxid dusnatý MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
- synthasa oxidu dusnatého MeSH
Molecular responses of plants to natural phytotoxins comprise more general and compound-specific mechanisms. How phytotoxic chalcones and other flavonoids inhibit seedling growth was widely studied, but how they interfere with seed germination is largely unknown. The dihydrochalcone and putative allelochemical myrigalone A (MyA) inhibits seed germination and seedling growth. Transcriptome (RNAseq) and hormone analyses of Lepidium sativum seed responses to MyA were compared to other bioactive and inactive compounds. MyA treatment of imbibed seeds triggered the phased induction of a detoxification programme, altered gibberellin, cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid and jasmonate metabolism, and affected the expression of hormone transporter genes. The MyA-mediated inhibition involved interference with the antioxidant system, oxidative signalling, aquaporins and water uptake, but not uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation or p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase expression/activity. MyA specifically affected the expression of auxin-related signalling genes, and various transporter genes, including for auxin transport (PIN7, ABCG37, ABCG4, WAT1). Responses to auxin-specific inhibitors further supported the conclusion that MyA interferes with auxin homeostasis during seed germination. Comparative analysis of MyA and other phytotoxins revealed differences in the specific regulatory mechanisms and auxin transporter genes targeted to interfere with auxin homestasis. We conclude that MyA exerts its phytotoxic activity by multiple auxin-dependent and independent molecular mechanisms.
- Klíčová slova
- ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, PIN auxin efflux carrier, WRKY transcription factors, allelochemical and allelopathy, aquaporin-mediated water transport, auxin transport and homeostasis, cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductase, gibberellin metabolism, phytotoxin detoxification programme, seed germination,
- MeSH
- chalkonoidy MeSH
- homeostáza MeSH
- hormony metabolismus MeSH
- klíčení * genetika MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus MeSH
- Lepidium sativum * metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- semena rostlinná genetika MeSH
- semenáček metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chalkonoidy MeSH
- hormony MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
- myrigalone A MeSH Prohlížeč
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
Strigolactones (SLs) are natural compounds occurring in plants which have a numerous functions in plant development; therefore, they are plant hormones. Unfortunately, their natural abundance is very low and because of their structure complexity it is difficult to prepare them in big quantities; alternatives with simpler structures and similar biological activity was developed. SLs mimics are compounds with simple synthesis. Methods for preparation of basic SLs mimics are described here.
- Klíčová slova
- Debranones, Plant hormones, SL mimics, Strigolactones,
- MeSH
- heterocyklické sloučeniny tricyklické chemická syntéza farmakologie MeSH
- laktony chemická syntéza farmakologie MeSH
- molekulární mimikry * MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin chemická syntéza farmakologie MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- GR24 strigolactone MeSH Prohlížeč
- heterocyklické sloučeniny tricyklické MeSH
- laktony MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
Ozone (O3) is a gaseous environmental pollutant that can enter leaves through stomatal pores and cause damage to foliage. It can induce oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that can actively participate in stomatal closing or opening in plants. A number of phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) are involved in stomatal regulation in plants. The effects of ozone on these phytohormones' ability to regulate the guard cells of stomata have been little studied, however, and the goal of this paper is to explore and understand the effects of ozone on stomatal regulation through guard cell signaling by phytohormones. In this review, we updated the existing knowledge by considering several physiological mechanisms related to stomatal regulation after response to ozone. The collected information should deepen our understanding of the molecular pathways associated with response to ozone stress, in particular, how it influences stomatal regulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and phytohormone signaling. After summarizing the findings and noting the gaps in the literature, we present some ideas for future research on ozone stress in plants.
- Klíčová slova
- abscisic acid, ethylene, guard cells, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), salicylic acid,
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy metabolismus MeSH
- ozon farmakologie MeSH
- průduchy rostlin účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin farmakologie MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy MeSH
- ozon MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
Cross-talk between phytohormones and sugars is intensely involved in plant metabolism, growth and regeneration. We documented alterations in cytokinin (CK) homeostasis in four developmental stages during de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes cv. Vienna Purple) seedlings induced by exogenous CKs, trans-zeatin (transZ) and thidiazuron (TDZ), added together with elevated sucrose concentration (6% and 9%). Significant impact of CK and sucrose treatment and their interaction was recorded in all investigated stages, including plantlet development before calli formation (T1 and T2), calli formation (T3) and shoot regeneration (T4). Results showed remarkable increase in total CK levels for transZ treatment, particularly with 9% sucrose. This trend was observed for all physiological and structural groups of CKs. Application of TDZ contributed to little or no increase in CK levels regardless of sucrose concentration. Analysis of expression profiles of organogenesis-related genes involved in auxin transport, CK response, shoot apical meristem formation and cell division revealed that higher sugar concentration significantly downregulated the analysed genes, particularly in T3. This continued on TDZ, but transZ induced an opposite effect with 9% sucrose in T4, increasing gene activity. Our results demonstrated that phytohormone metabolism might be triggered by sucrose signalling in kohlrabi DNSO.
- MeSH
- Brassica genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- fenylmočovinové sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- homeostáza MeSH
- meristém účinky léků genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin farmakologie MeSH
- rostlinné geny * MeSH
- sacharosa metabolismus MeSH
- thiadiazoly farmakologie MeSH
- zeatin farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- fenylmočovinové sloučeniny MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
- sacharosa MeSH
- thiadiazoly MeSH
- thidiazuron MeSH Prohlížeč
- zeatin MeSH
The metabolism of brassinosteroid leads to structural modifications in the ring skeleton or the side alkyl chain. The esterification and glycosylation at C-3 are the most common metabolic pathways, and it has been suggested that conjugate brassinosteroids are less active or inactive. In this way, plants regulate the content of active brassinosteroids. In this work, the synthesis of brassinosteroid 24-norcholane type analogs conjugated at C-3 with benzoate groups, carrying electron donor and electron attractant substituents on the aromatic ring, is described. Additionally, their growth-promoting activities were evaluated using the Rice Lamina Inclination Test (RLIT) and compared with that exhibited by brassinolide (used as positive control) and non-conjugated analogs. The results indicate that at the lowest tested concentrations (10-8-10-7 M), all analogs conjugated at C-3 exhibit similar or higher activities than brassinolide, and the diasteroisomers with S configuration at C-22 are the more active ones. Increasing concentration (10-6 M) reduces the biological activities of analogs as compared to brassinolide.
- Klíčová slova
- 24-norcholane, Rice Lamina Inclination Test, analogs, benzoate esters, brassinosteroids, conjugated in C-3, synthesis,
- MeSH
- benzoáty chemie farmakologie MeSH
- brassinosteroidy chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- molekulární konformace MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- rýže (rod) účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- stereoizomerie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- benzoáty MeSH
- brassinosteroidy MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
