OBJECTIVES: During the covid-19 pandemic, protective equipment such as respirators and masks were widely used to protect respiratory tract. This disposable protective equipment is usually made from plastic fibre-based nonwoven fabrics. If used masks and respirators are improperly discarded, they pollute the environment by becoming a source of micro and nanoplastics. The aim of the study was to find out how stable the materials of protective equipment are and how released nano and microplastics can affect aquatic and soil organisms. MATERIALS: The input materials used to produce respirators and masks were tested for their thermal stability and resistance to the release of plastic particles into the environment. To determine the thermal stability of the materials, a simultaneous thermal analysis - thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed. RESULTS: Materials of masks and respirators are stable at temperatures common to temperate climate zone. However, the possible effects of chemical reactions of the materials with the environment were not considered during the measurement. The materials were also subjected to ecotoxicity tests according to European standards. CONCLUSION: While the leachate obtained by shaking the materials in water did not show acute toxicity to the selected aquatic organisms, the material itself had a significant effect on selected soil organisms (springtails).
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- plastické hmoty MeSH
- prostředky na ochranu dýchání * MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The Czech Republic, like other member states of the European Union, has implemented Directive 2000/54/EC. However, the resulting form of the transposition does not fully correspond to the requirements set out in the di-rective. Above all, the omission of the terms containmentand physical containment level, which are used not only in the directive, but also in the text of technical standards, is very problematic. As a result of the absence of the men-tioned terms, it is very difficult for many employees to orient themselves in the Czech legal regulations focused on safety and health protection when working with biolog-icalagents.ThearticlesummarizestherequirementssetbyCzech regulations and compares them with the require-ments of the Directive 2000/54/EC and technical stand-ards. At the same time, it offers the reader a selection of the main regulations of anon-normative nature that have been created by international organizations (World health organization and European Committee for Standardiza-tion) in order to manage biological risk in the workplace.
INTRODUCTION: Endarterectomy specimens represent a unique opportunity to study atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize the recent knowledge of atherogenesis from studies characterizing a cellular composition of carotid endarterectomy specimens. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A non-systematic literature review was carried out to summarize recent knowledge regarding ex vivo analysis of carotid artery plaque composition. Upon evaluation of their relevance, and elaborate forward and backward search, 95 articles were included in the review. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Despite the significant advancement of in vivo imaging techniques, the stroke prediction based on carotid artery plaque morphology is not reliable. Besides analyses of plaque morphology, present studies focus on precise characterization of the different immune cell types and elucidation of their role in plaque development. Plaque content analyses revealed the presence of various immune cells in carotid artery plaques. Presence of different immune cells subpopulations can be connected to some undesirable changes in plaque stability. CONCLUSIONS: Since the destabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque is a multifactorial process, a combination of various methods should be used to characterize the unstable plaques more accurately. In this context, studies characterizing plaque content from a cellular point of view could elucidate some processes underlying the plaque progression. Together with morphological evaluation, these analyses could enable more precise assessment of plaque stability.
- MeSH
- aterosklerotický plát patologie MeSH
- ateroskleróza imunologie patologie chirurgie MeSH
- CD antigeny analýza MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- karotická endarterektomie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makrofágy imunologie MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- stenóza arteria carotis imunologie patologie chirurgie MeSH
- T-lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Výzkum HDL částic je slibně se rozvíjející oblast. Například dostupná metoda schopná spolehlivě rozlišit různé typy HDL částic v krvi by pomohla objasnit jejich roli v rozvoji aterosklerózy a následně usnadnit stratifikaci pacientů dle KV rizika. Nelze také podceňovat roli HDL částic v rozvoji různých patologií jako je diabetes, nádory nebo infekce.
- MeSH
- HDL-cholesterol * analýza MeSH
- kongresy jako téma MeSH
- Publikační typ
- zprávy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- MeSH
- cystická fibróza MeSH
- dietoterapie MeSH
- enterální výživa MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- parenterální výživa MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Enterální výživa představuje jednoduchou, fyziologickou a cenově dostupnou formu nutriční intervence. V současné době, kdy je kladen větší důraz na ekonomičnost léčby a zkracování délky hospitalizace, je tato nutriční alternativa aktuální i vzhledem k možnosti ambulantního zajištění. Na našem trhuje v současnosti k dispozici široká nabídka přípravků enterální výživy různých výrobců, lišících se složením, možnostmi použití, cenou. Cílem sdělení je podat souhrnnou informaci o enterální výživě a přehled nejčastěji užívaných přípravků.
Enteral nutrition in a simple, physiological and financially unpretentious form of nutritional intervention. At present when the economy of treatment and reduction of the period of hospitalization is emphasized, this form of nutrition is useful as it can be used also in out-patients. At present a wide variety of preparations of enteral nutrition from various manifacturrers are available which differ as to their composition, possible use and price. The objective of the presented paper is to submit overrall information on enteral nutrition and on the most frequently used preparations.
- MeSH
- enterální výživa MeSH
- metody výživy MeSH
- nutriční nároky MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
