OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the association between subjectively experienced levels of diabetes distress (DD) and personality traits (PTs), even when levels of DD appear stable over time. This study aimed to use the Alternative Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) to associate specific maladaptive PTs with experienced DD and to describe differences in the constellation of PTs between people with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) and type 2 diabetes (PWT2D). METHODS: A total of 358 participants with diabetes mellitus (DM) (56.2% female, mean age 42.33 years, standard deviation (SD) = 14.33) were evaluated using the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) and the shortened 160-item version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Psychometric properties of the DDS were evaluated first, then the association between DDS and PID-5 scores, and the differences between groups based on diabetes type and DD level, were analyzed. RESULTS: Strong associations were found between the PID-5 Negative Affectivity (NEF) domain and the emotional burden (β = 0.852, pHolm < 0.001) and regimen distress (β = 0.435, pHolm = 0.006) DDS subscale scores. PWT1D had a higher level of personality pathology than PWT2D, as did participants with elevated levels of DD across most domains and facets of PID-5. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that attention should be paid to the level of NEF among people with diabetes in relation to their emotional burden and perception of regimen distress. We recommend a distinction between people based on their diabetes type. Implications for clinical practice and interventions for DD perceived through the lens of the dimensional DSM-5 PT model are discussed.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia.
- MeSH
- cukry * MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- postoj MeSH
- sexuální chování * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and repetitive behavior. The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 resulted in significant changes in daily life due to restrictive measures. This period posed particular challenges for families with children living with autism, given the limitations in medical care and social services. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to understand how families with autistic children perceive stress during the pandemic and the coping strategies employed in unexpected situations. METHOD: A total of 44 families with children with ASD and 300 control families, including 44 control families in a matched subsample, were included in the study. To assess stress and parental coping with COVID-19-related stress, the Responses to Stress Questionnaire (Adult Self-Report RSQ-COVID-19) was utilized. RESULTS: Caregivers of autistic children experienced significantly higher stress levels (p = .027, d = 0.479) during the pandemic, with notable stressors such as limited access to medical care and challenges associated with remote work. Despite expectations, coping strategy differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Families and supporters of children with autism naturally encounter various experiences and challenges stemming from their additional needs. Our study's results highlight an accentuation of stress during challenging situations. As these situations may recur in the future, there is a need to design and implement support plans for these families, appropriate intervention programs, and preparations for the utilization of telemedicine tools.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická * MeSH
- COVID-19 * psychologie epidemiologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osoby pečující o pacienty psychologie MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- poruchy autistického spektra * psychologie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychický stres * psychologie MeSH
- rodiče * psychologie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
INTRODUCTION: The assessment of online health-related information presents a significant challenge for today's youth. Using the Processing of Commercial Media Content (PCMC) model, we investigated the impact of advertising on the perceived credibility of informational content concerning fitness (in boys) and dietary supplements (in girls). METHODS: In a survey-based preregistered experiment, 681 Czech adolescents (aged 13-18, 52% girls) were randomly assigned to three groups and exposed to websites with a banner ad, a native ad, or simple informational text without an ad. RESULTS: The presence of ads on websites diminishes the perceived credibility of informational content. While we did not observe the difference between banner and native advertising, we found one gender-specific difference. Specifically, boys perceive informational content linked with native ads as more credible compared to girls. Additionally, no difference was found between younger and older adolescents. Adolescents demonstrated success in identifying both types of advertisements, irrespective of their age. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are discussed in light of individual differences and various approaches to processing online content. It appears that adolescents are accustomed to native advertising, which seamlessly integrates with traditional banner ads. Moreover, it is plausible that boys assess advertising texts more heuristically and less systematically than girls. Contrary to PCMC expectations, even younger adolescents seem to possess sufficient skills to identify the advertisements.
- MeSH
- internet MeSH
- inzerce jako téma * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- potravní doplňky * MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- tělesná výkonnost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Understanding the formation of body image is critical for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders, especially in adolescence, when body image develops significantly. One of the important facets of body image is body appreciation, which consists of positive feelings and attitudes towards the body regardless of its perceived "flaws". To measure body appreciation, Body Appreciation Scale-2 (Tylka and Wood-Barcalow in Body Image 12:53-67, 2015a), a unidimensional 10-item measure, has been developed and routinely used in body image research. The current study examined the validity (i.e., factor structure, gender and age invariance, associations with other constructs) of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents. METHODS: The study used two large samples of Czech adolescents, aged 13-18 (N1 = 613, M = 15.5, 52% girls; N2 = 1,530, M = 15.4, 50% girls). The data were collected in August 2021 (N1) and November 2020 (N2) through an online survey. For the data analysis, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). RESULTS: Our findings supported the proposed unidimensional factor structure and the gender (i.e., girls, boys) and age (i.e., 13-15, 16-18) scalar invariance of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2. The data also showed the expected positive correlations with body satisfaction and self-esteem, and negative correlations with media-ideal internalization, appearance schematicity, and depression. Furthermore, we discovered that body appreciation was more strongly connected to media-ideal internalization and depression for girls than boys. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provided robust evidence that supports the validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 and its usability for the assessment of body appreciation in Czech adolescents. We also proposed future directions for the research on body appreciation based on the explored gender differences.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
IMPORTANCE: Approximately 7% to 30% of children contend with handwriting issues (HIs) in their school years. However, research studies to define and quantify HIs, as well as practical assessment tools, are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the validity and reliability of two screening scales for HIs: the Handwriting Legibility Scale (HLS) and the Concise Assessment Scale of Children's Handwriting (BHK). DESIGN: Structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of five different models were used to examine the construct and discriminant validity of both scales. Furthermore, internal consistency and interrater agreement were evaluated. The association among scales, grades, and children's self-evaluation was also explored. SETTING: Elementary schools and state counseling centers in the Czech Republic. PARTICIPANTS: On a voluntary basis, 161 children from elementary schools and state counseling centers in the Czech Republic were enrolled. The variable of children with typical handwriting development versus HIs was missing for 11 children. Thus, for discriminant validity analysis, 150 data records from children were used. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The HLS and BHK were used to evaluate the handwriting quality of the transcription task. The Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaires for Children was used for children's self-evaluation. RESULTS: The study confirmed the validity and reliability of the shortened BHK and HLS. A strong relationship was found between the BHK and HLS, grades, and children's self-evaluation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Both scales are recommended for occupational therapy practice worldwide. Further research should focus on developing standards and providing sensitivity studies. What This Article Adds: Both the HLS and the BHK are recommended for occupational therapy practice. Practitioners should also take the child's well-being into consideration in handwriting quality assessment.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- ergoterapie * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psaní rukou * MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Cognitive styles are commonly studied constructs in cognitive psychology. The theory of field dependence-independence was one of the most important cognitive styles. Yet in the past, its measurement had significant shortcomings in validity and reliability. The theory of analytic and holistic cognitive styles attempted to extend this theory and overcome its shortcomings. Unfortunately, the psychometric properties of its measurement methods were not properly verified. Furthermore, new statistical approaches, such as analysis of reaction times, have been overlooked by current research. The aim of this pre-registered study was to verify the psychometric properties (i.e., factor structure, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity with intelligence and personality, and divergent, concurrent and predictive validity) of several methods routinely applied in the field. We developed/adapted six methods based on self-report questionnaires, rod-and-frame principles, embedded figures, and hierarchical figures. The analysis was conducted on 392 Czech participants, with two data collection waves. The results indicate that the use of methods based on the rod-and-frame principle may be unreliable, demonstrating no absence of association with intelligence. The use of embedded and hierarchical figures is recommended. The self-report questionnaire used in this study showed an unsatisfactory factor structure and also cannot be recommended without futher validation on independent samples. The findings also did not correspond with the original two-dimensional theory.
- MeSH
- inteligence MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myšlení * MeSH
- osobnost * MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Škála diabetického distresu (DDS) je nejčastěji užívanou metodou pro zachycení specifického negativního stresu plynoucího z přítomnosti diabetu. Škála mapuje prožívání pacienta za poslední měsíc, přesto je DD považován za rizikový faktor při vzniku chronických komplikací diabetu. Prokázat souvislost DD a komplikací není snadné. Jednou z možností je zmapovat souvislosti DD a psychologických aspektů stabilních v čase – osobnostních charakteristik pacienta. Cílem studie je popsat souvislosti DD, osobnostních rysů a chronických komplikací diabetu na vzorku českých pacientů s diabetem. Soubor zahrnoval 336 lidí s diagnózou diabetes mellitus (DM) (64 % DM1, 36 % DM2). Zvýšená či vysoká míra DD byla prokázána u 54,2 % pacientů DM1 a 27 % DM2. Patologické osobnostní rysy (konkrétně Negativní afektivita; p<.05) byly ve větší míře přítomny u pacientů s chronickými komplikacemi. Při srovnání skupin pacientů s chronickými komplikacemi a současně zvýšené míry DD se skupinou pacientů s komplikacemi a bez zvýšené míry DD nebyl prokázán statisticky signifikantní rozdíl. Ve zkoumaném souboru zažívali vyšší míru DD pacienti DM1 (p<.001), stejně tak dosahovali vyšších skórů v patologických rysech osobnosti. Asociace mezi mírou DD a chronickými komplikacemi nebyla potvrzena, naproti tomu byla popsána souvislost mezi osobnostními rysy a zvýšenou mírou DD, stejně jako přítomností chronických komplikací. Na základě zjištěných výsledků lze usuzovat, že vnímaná míra zátěže plynoucí z diabetu plyne spíše než ze situačního DD z osobnostních rysů pacienta, které jsou stabilní v čase.
The level of negative stress related with diabetes is captured mostly with Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS). The result reflects state of the patients during last month, nevertheless high level of diabetes distress (DD) is considered as a risk factor to develop chronic complication of diabetes. To prove the causality of DD and complication is a challenge and the way is focus on the aspects more stable in time – personality traits of the patients. The study aims to extend the knowledge of personality traits and its association with DD with focus on connection with chronic complications of diabetes and prevalence of high level of DD and complications among Czech patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The sample comprised 336 participants with DM (64 % T1D, 36 % T2D). Elevated or high level of DD was confirmed in 54,2% of people with type 1 diabetes and 27,0 % of type 2 diabetes. Higher level of pathological personality traits (Negative affectivity; p<.05) were in the group of patients with chronic complications of diabetes. The combination of complications and high level of DD did not show statistically significant difference in compared to group with complications and without high level of DD. In the sample of Czech patients, people with DM1 experienced higher level of DD (p<.001) as well as higher scores of pathological personality traits. Personality traits were associated with chronic complications of diabetes, however the association between the level of DD and chronic complication was not confirmed. Base on the results can be assumed that experiencing the burden of diabetes stems from the stable personality traits of the patient, then the situational DD from the past weeks.
- Klíčová slova
- škála diabetického distresu,
- MeSH
- adherence pacienta MeSH
- chronická nemoc prevence a kontrola psychologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- komplikace diabetu * prevence a kontrola psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychický distres * MeSH
- škály posuzující chování MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
The rapid outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected citizens' daily lives in an unprecedented way. To curb the spread of the pandemic, governments have taken numerous measures such as social distancing and quarantine, which may be associated with psychological consequences, namely stress and loneliness globally. To understand differential associations of personality traits with psychological consequences of COVID-19, we utilize data from a sample of 99,217 individuals from 41 countries collected as part of the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey. Data were analyzed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel regression models. Findings showed that while some of the associations were rather weak, Big Five personality traits were significantly associated with perceived stress and loneliness during the pandemic. Our study illustrates that neuroticism especially can be a vulnerability factor for stress and loneliness in times of crisis and can contribute to detection of at-risk individuals and optimization of psychological treatments during or after the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In the risky-choice framing effect, different wording of the same options leads to predictably different choices. In a large-scale survey conducted from March to May 2020 and including 88,181 participants from 47 countries, we investigated how stress, concerns, and trust moderated the effect in the Disease problem, a prominent framing problem highly evocative of the COVID-19 pandemic. As predicted by the appraisal-tendency framework, risk aversion and the framing effect in our study were larger than under typical circumstances. Furthermore, perceived stress and concerns over coronavirus were positively associated with the framing effect. Contrary to predictions, however, they were not related to risk aversion. Trust in the government's efforts to handle the coronavirus was associated with neither risk aversion nor the framing effect. The proportion of risky choices and the framing effect varied substantially across nations. Additional exploratory analyses showed that the framing effect was unrelated to reported compliance with safety measures, suggesting, along with similar findings during the pandemic and beyond, that the effectiveness of framing manipulations in public messages might be limited. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, along with directions for further investigations.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * epidemiologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie * MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- riskování * MeSH
- úzkost * MeSH
- výběrové chování * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
