BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients on hemodialysis. It is not easy to distinguish HF from water overload. The traditional HF definition has low sensitivity and specificity in this population. Moreover, many patients on hemodialysis have exercise limitations unrelated to HF. Therefore, we postulated two new HF definitions ((1) Modified definition of the Acute Dialysis Quality Improvement working group; (2) Hemodynamic definition based on the calculation of the effective cardiac output). We hypothesize that the newer definitions will better identify patients with higher number of endpoints and with more advanced structural heart disease. METHODS: Cohort, observational, longitudinal study with recording predefined endpoints. Patients (n = 300) treated by hemodialysis in six collaborating centers will be examined centrally in a tertiary cardiovascular center every 6-12 months lifelong or till kidney transplantation by detailed expert echocardiography with the calculation of cardiac output, arteriovenous dialysis fistula flow volume calculation, bio-impedance, and basic laboratory analysis including NTproBNP. Effective cardiac output will be measured as the difference between measured total cardiac output and arteriovenous fistula flow volume and systemic vascular resistance will be also assessed non-invasively. In case of water overload during examination, dry weight adjustment will be recommended, and the patient invited for another examination within 6 weeks. A composite major endpoint will consist of (1) Cardiovascular death; (2) HF worsening/new diagnosis of; (3) Non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke. The two newer HF definitions will be compared with the traditional one in terms of time to major endpoint analysis. DISCUSSION: This trial will differ from others by: (1) detailed repeated hemodynamic assessment including arteriovenous access flow and (2) by careful assessment of adequate hydration to avoid confusion between HF and water overload.
- MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * komplikace MeSH
- chronické selhání ledvin * diagnóza terapie komplikace MeSH
- dialýza ledvin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- pozorovací studie jako téma MeSH
- srdeční selhání * diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- protokol klinické studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- arteriovenózní píštěl patofyziologie diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- arteriovenózní zkrat metody MeSH
- dialýza ledvin MeSH
- hemodynamika * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- srdeční selhání * patofyziologie diagnóza MeSH
- vysoký srdeční výdej patofyziologie etiologie diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review summarizes known risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, and current therapeutic possibilities, focusing on lipid-lowering therapy in CKD. RECENT FINDINGS: Novel data on lipid-lowering therapy in CKD mainly stem from clinical trials and clinical studies. In addition to traditional CVD risk factors, patients with CKD often present with non-traditional risk factors that include, e.g., anemia, proteinuria, or calcium-phosphate imbalance. Dyslipidemia remains an important contributing CVD risk factor in CKD, although the mechanisms involved differ from the general population. While statins are the most commonly used lipid-lowering therapy in CKD patients, some statins may require dose reduction. Importantly, statins showed diminished beneficial effect on cardiovascular events in patients with severe CKD and hypercholesterolemia despite high CVD risk and effective reduction of LDL cholesterol. Ezetimibe enables the reduction of the dose of statins and their putative toxicity and, in combination with statins, reduces CVD endpoints in CKD patients. The use of novel drugs such as PCSK9 inhibitors is safe in CKD, but their potential to reduce cardiovascular events in CKD needs to be elucidated in future studies.
- MeSH
- anticholesteremika * terapeutické užití MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * komplikace epidemiologie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * epidemiologie etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- LDL-cholesterol MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 MeSH
- rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- statiny * terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Cílem tohoto článku je představit postupy a algoritmy pro zavedení dlouhodobého dialyzačního katétru u pacientů, kteří mají stenózy nebo trombózu v oblasti pravé vnitřní jugulární žíly, což je přístup první volby pro dialyzační léčbu. Před zavedením alternativního vstupu je nezbytné komplexní radiologické mapování žilního systému pomocí ultrazvuku a kontrastní CT venografie. Základními alternativními přístupy je využití zevní jugulární žíly, femorálních žil a kolaterálních žil horní poloviny těla. Mezi technicky složité punkční přístupy patří translumbální kanylace dolní duté žíly a perkutánní kanylace jaterních nebo renálních žil. Nové hybridní metody zahrnují vnitřně-zevní punkci centrální žíly systémem Surfacer, implantaci systému HeRO graft nebo otevřenou chirurgickou implantaci katétru do horní duté žíly nebo pravé srdeční předsíně. Nemocní, u nichž lze předpokládat obtížný žilní přístup pro dialýzu, by měli být směřováni do center, kde spolupracuje tým intervenčních radiologů, cévních chirurgů a nefrologů, kteří mají zkušenosti s nekonvenčními cévními přístupy.
The aim of this article is to present procedures and algorithms for the insertion of a long-term dialysis catheter in patients who have stenoses or thrombosis in the region of the right internal jugular vein, which is the first-line approach for dialysis treatment. Before insertion of an alternative venous access it is necessary to perform a complex radiological mapping of the venous system using ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT venography. The basic alternative approaches include the use of the external jugular vein, femoral veins, and collateral veins of the upper half of the body. Technically difficult approaches involve translumbar cannulation of the inferior vena cava and percutaneous cannulation of the hepatic or renal veins. New hybrid methods include inside-out central venous puncture with the Surfacer system, HeRO graft implantation, or open surgical catheter implantation into the superior vena cava or the right atrium. When a difficulty with the implantation of venous access for dialysis can be anticipated, patients should be referred to the centers, where a team of interventional radiologists, vascular surgeons, and nephrologists with experience in non-conventional vascular access is available.
- Klíčová slova
- HeRO Graft,
- MeSH
- cévní přístupy MeSH
- dialýza ledvin * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- periferní katetrizace * metody MeSH
- zaváděcí katétry MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) is a serious complication of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, most data come from retrospective studies that included patients on chronic hemodialysis at the time of its initiation. These patients are frequently overhydrated, which significantly influences the echocardiogram findings. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of heart failure and its phenotypes. The secondary aims were (1) to describe the potential of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) for HF diagnosis in ESKD patients on hemodialysis, (2) to analyze the frequency of abnormal left ventricular geometry, and (3) to describe the differences between various HF phenotypes in this population. METHODS: We included all patients on chronic hemodialysis for at least 3 months from five hemodialysis units who were willing to participate, had no living kidney transplant donor, and had a life expectancy longer than 6 months at the time of inclusion. Detailed echocardiography together with hemodynamic calculations, dialysis arteriovenous fistula flow volume calculation, and basic lab analysis were performed in conditions of clinical stability. Excess of severe overhydration was excluded by clinical examination and by employing bioimpedance. RESULTS: A total of 214 patients aged 66.4 ± 14.6 years were included. HF was diagnosed in 57% of them. Among patients with HF, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was, by far, the most common phenotype and occurred in 35%, while HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) occurred only in 7%, HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) in 7%, and high-output HF in 9%. Patients with HFpEF differed from patients with no HF significantly in the following: they were older (62 ± 14 vs. 70 ± 14, p = 0.002) and had a higher left ventricular mass index [96(36) vs. 108(45), p = 0.015], higher left atrial index [33(12) vs. 44(16), p < 0.0001], and higher estimated central venous pressure [5(4) vs. 6(8), p = 0.004] and pulmonary artery systolic pressure [31(9) vs. 40(23), p = 0.006] but slightly lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE): 22 ± 5 vs. 24 ± 5, p = 0.04. NTproBNP had low sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing HF or HFpEF: with the use of the cutoff value of 8,296 ng/L, the sensitivity of HF diagnosis was only 52% while the specificity was 79%. However, NTproBNP levels were significantly related to echocardiographic variables, most significantly to the indexed left atrial volume (R = 0.56, p < 10-5) and to the estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (R = 0.50, p < 10-5). CONCLUSIONS: HFpEF was by far the most common heart failure phenotype in patients on chronic hemodialysis and was followed by high-output HF. Patients suffering from HFpEF were older and had not only typical echocardiographic changes but also higher hydration that mirrored increased filling pressures of both ventricles than in those of patients without HF.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Cílem této práceje prezentovat první dva případy provedení vnitřně-zevní punkce centrální žíly se systémem Surfaceŕ8 v České republice. Jedná se o novou metodu, která umožňuje získat centrální žilní přístup přes uzavřenou brachiocefalickou a vnitřníjugulámí žílu vpravo. Metoda je přínosná pro pacienty, kteří potřebují dlouhodobý centrální žilní vstup. S použitím této metodyje možné zavést do horní duté žíly jakýkoliv typ centrálního žitního katétru nebo i elektrody kardiostimulátoru. Pacientje tak ušetřen žilního katétru v oblasti třísla a při včasném užití této metody je možné ušetřiti centrální žíly vlevo, a předejít ta k vzniku syndromu horní duté žíly.
The aim of this work is to present the first use of inside-out puncture of the central vein using Surfacer® system in the Czech Republic in two patients. This is a novel method that enables to access centralvenous system via occluded right brachiocephalic and intemal jugular vein. The method is beneficial for patients requiring long-term centralvenous access. This method enables to introduce any type of central venous catheter or even pacemaker electrodes into the superior vena cava. Using this method the patients can avoid venous line through inguinalvessels and spare left-sided central veins if used in a timely manner in order to avoid possible superior vena cava syndrome.
