INTRODUCTION: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) emerged about 30 years ago and continues to cause major economic losses in the pork industry. The lack of effective modified live vaccines (MLV) allows the pandemic to continue. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We have previously shown that wild strains of PRRSV affect the nascent T cell repertoire in the thymus, deplete T cell clones recognizing viral epitopes essential for neutralization, while triggering a chronic, robust, but ineffective antibody response. Therefore, we hypothesized that the current MLV are inappropriate because they cause similar damage and fail to prevent viral-induced dysregulation of adaptive immunity. METHODS: We tested three MLV strains to demonstrate that all have a comparable negative effect on thymocytes in vitro. Further in vivo studies compared the development of T cells in the thymus, peripheral lymphocytes, and antibody production in young piglets. These three MLV strains were used in a mixture to determine whether at least some of them behave similarly to the wild virus type 1 or type 2. RESULTS: Both the wild and MLV strains cause the same immune dysregulations. These include depletion of T-cell precursors, alteration of the TCR repertoire, necrobiosis at corticomedullary junctions, low body weight gain, decreased thymic cellularity, lack of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and production of non-neutralizing anti-PRRSV antibodies of different isotypes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results may explain why the use of current MLV in young animals may be ineffective and why their use may be potentially dangerous. Therefore, alternative vaccines, such as subunit or mRNA vaccines or improved MLV, are needed to control the PRRSV pandemic.
- MeSH
- Vaccines, Attenuated MeSH
- Immune System MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Antibodies, Viral MeSH
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome * prevention & control MeSH
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
An unusual reassortant rotavirus A (RVA) strain was isolated during RVA surveillance in two previously hospitalized children in 2018. G/P typing revealed uncommon G9P[4] genotypes, so the strains were further characterized by Illumina next-generation sequencing. Whole-genome typing showed that the two strains had a DS-1-like backbone except for NSP2: G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N1-T2-E2-H2. The two strains shared 99.9-100% nucleotide sequence identity in all genes.
- MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Genome, Viral MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections virology MeSH
- Rotavirus classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Base Sequence MeSH
- Whole Genome Sequencing MeSH
- Check Tag
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Group A Rotaviruses (RVA) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children and a major cause of childhood mortality in low-income countries. RVAs are mostly host-specific, but interspecies transmission and reassortment between human and animal RVAs significantly contribute to their genetic diversity. We investigated the VP7 and VP4 genotypes of RVA isolated from 225 stool specimens collected from Czech patients with gastroenteritis during 2016-2019. The most abundant genotypes were G1P[8] (42.7%), G3P[8] (11.1%), G9P[8] (9.8%), G2P[4] (4.4%), G4P[8] (1.3%), G12P[8] (1.3%), and, surprisingly, G8P[8] (9.3%). Sequence analysis of G8P[8] strains revealed the highest nucleotide similarity of all Czech G8 sequences to the G8P[8] rotavirus strains that were isolated in Vietnam in 2014/2015. The whole-genome backbone of the Czech G8 strains was determined with the use of next-generation sequencing as DS-1-like. Phylogenetic analysis of all segments clustered the Czech isolates with RVA strains that were formerly described in Southeast Asia, which had emerged following genetic reassortment between bovine and human RVAs. This is the first time that bovine-human DS1-like G8P[8] strains were detected at a high rate in human patients in Central Europe. Whether the emergence of this unusual genotype reflects the establishment of a new RVA strain in the population requires the continuous monitoring of rotavirus epidemiology.
- MeSH
- Antigens, Viral genetics MeSH
- Feces virology MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Gastroenteritis epidemiology virology MeSH
- Genome, Viral genetics MeSH
- Genotype MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Prevalence MeSH
- Reassortant Viruses genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- RNA, Viral genetics MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections epidemiology virology MeSH
- Rotavirus genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Capsid Proteins genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera L. queens is a widely employed technique used in honeybee breeding that enables the effective control of mating. However, drone semen represents a potential source of honeybee viruses. In this study, 43 semen doses collected from apparently healthy drones, and consequently used in instrumental insemination, were analysed using PCR or RT-PCR to detect the presence of viral genome of 11 honeybee viruses. In 91% of samples, viral infection was detected. The survey revealed genomes of five viruses, namely Deformed wing virus (DWV), Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), Black queen cell virus (BQCV), Sacbrood virus (SBV), and A. mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) in 84%, 19%, 14%, 2%, and 67% of samples, respectively. Single infection (30% of samples) as well as multiple infection (61% of samples) of two, three or four pathogens were also evaluated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing the presence of the BQCV and SBV genome sequence in drone ejaculate. Phylogenetic analysis of BQCV partial helicase gene sequence revealed the high similarity of nucleotide sequence of described Czech strains, which varied from 91.4% to 99.6%. The findings of our study indicate the possibility of venereal transmission of BQCV and SBV.
- MeSH
- Biodiversity * MeSH
- Breeding methods MeSH
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
- Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
- Semen virology MeSH
- Bees virology MeSH
- Viruses classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- MeSH
- Epidemiologic Factors MeSH
- Feces virology MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Genome, Viral MeSH
- Genotyping Techniques methods MeSH
- Clinical Chemistry Tests methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Swine virology MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Rotavirus * genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Viral Zoonoses * epidemiology transmission virology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
A 17-week-old crossbred finishing pig was presented for lameness of approximately one week. Clinical evaluation, including ophthalmologic examination, revealed ataxia, partial flaccid paresis of the pelvic limbs, skin lesions at feet and claws, and severely reduced vision/blindness. Both eyes had multiple persistent pupillary membranes (iris-to-iris and iris-to-lens) and hypermature cataracts. Histopathological examination of the eyes revealed microphthalmia, microphakia with cataract formation, myovascularised membrane in the vitreous, retinal detachment, and retinal dysplasia. Microscopic examination of tissues collected postmortem demonstrated nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis with the most prominent inflammatory lesions in the lumbar spinal cord. Subsequently, presumed Teschen/Talfan disease was confirmed by porcine teschovirus identification in the spinal cord using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report describing in detail histopathological changes in the porcine congenital microphthalmic syndrome.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) causes lifelong latent infections in swine. The pathogen is occasionally associated with inclusion body rhinitis and pneumonia in piglets, reproductive disorders in pregnant sows and respiratory disease complex in older pigs. Immunosuppressive potential of PCMV infection is discussed. Macrophages were recognised as one of target cell types where propagation of virus occurs. The aim of present study was to set up model PCMV infection of monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) in vitro for PCMV immunobiology research. Obtained results showed that PCMV is able to infect and propagate in MDMs. Possible immunosuppressive effect of PCMV on infected macrophages was evaluated by measurement of immune relevant gene expression in MDMs. Infection decreased expression of IL-8 and TNF-α (pro-inflammatory cytokines) and increased expression of IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) on mRNA transcription level. Obtained data support hypothesis that higher sensitivity of animals to coinfection with other swine pathogens and its more severe clinical manifestations could potentially be the consequence of PCMV infection.
- MeSH
- Cytokines immunology MeSH
- Cytomegalovirus Infections immunology veterinary MeSH
- Cytomegalovirus physiology MeSH
- Gene Expression immunology MeSH
- Interleukin-10 immunology MeSH
- Interleukin-8 immunology MeSH
- Macrophages immunology virology MeSH
- Swine Diseases immunology virology MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Immunity, Innate MeSH
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha immunology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Varroidae pathogenicity MeSH
- Bees * virology MeSH
- Virus Diseases * diagnosis epidemiology etiology veterinary MeSH
- Insect Viruses classification MeSH
- Population Health MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
