The present study was aimed at comparing the milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and milk fatty acid (MFA) compositions in Holstein cows with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) to those values of Holstein cows that did not have SARA. Also, the correlations among rumen pH value and the compositions of MUN and MFA in milk were determined. Dairy cows (n = 16) with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) (pH value 5.60 ± 0.02) and control dairy cows (n = 16) (control) (pH value 6.20 ± 0.04) were studied. The MUN concentrations (578 µg/l) of the dairy cows with SARA was lower than those (1 315 µg/l) of the control dairy cows (P < 0.001). In the milk of the dairy cows with SARA, the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), thrombogenic index (TI), and hypocholesterolemic fatty acid index (hcFA) decreased; but the saturated fatty acids (SFA), atherogenic (AI) and hypercholesterolemic fatty acid (HcFA) indexes (P < 0.01) increased. The rumen pH value and the concentration of the MUN were positively correlated with the proportions of the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), omega-6 fatty acids (n-6), omega-9 fatty acids (n-9), long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and the n-3/n-6 ratio of the milk samples (P < 0.05). Consequently, the dairy cow with SARA that are in early-lactation can affect the carbohydrate fermentation, fatty acid hydrogenation and protein degradation. The MUN concentration in the dairy cows with SARA seriously decreased. The SARA changes the milk fatty acid composition and decreases the MUFA, PUFA, n-3, oleic acid and hypocholesterolemic fatty acids and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H) values of milk. Therefore, the nutritional and functional quality for human nutrition decreases in the milk of dairy cows with SARA.
Taurine, a sulphur - containing amino acid, has been termed a functional nutrient. Its synthetic form is a common ingredient in supplements and energy drinks. There is no information concerning taurine impact on bone microstructure after prolonged supplemental use. Also, differences in bone parameters of mice following taurine exposure are unknown. In this study, a detailed microstructure of compact and trabecular bone tissues of mice subchronically exposed to taurine was determined. Animals (n=12) were segregated into three groups: E1 group - mice received 20 mg/kg b.w. of taurine per day during 8 weeks; E2 group - mice were fed by taurine at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. for 8 weeks and a control (C) group. Decreased density of secondary osteons, increased sizes of primary osteon's vascular canals (P<0.05) were observed in taurine - treated animals. Cortical bone thickness, trabecular thickness were decreased (P<0.05) in E1 group, and relative volume of trabecular bone was lower (P<0.05) in E2 group as compared to C group. According to our results, prolonged taurine exposure at the doses used in this study can negatively affect both compact and trabecular bone tissues microstructure.
- MeSH
- femur účinky léků patologie fyziologie MeSH
- kortikální kost cytologie účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- kostní denzita účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
- taurin aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Our study aimed to investigate subacute exposure to alcohol in relation to bone microstructure of mice. Animals from experimental (E) group drank a solution composed of 15 % ethanol and water for 14 days (one remodeling cycle), while those from control (C) group drank only water. In the compact bone of E group, decreased bone formation and increased porosity were observed which corresponds with lower levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and glutathione. Alcohol significantly increased sizes of primary osteon's vascular canals and decreased those of secondary osteons, Haversian canals. Relative bone volume, bone mineral density (BMD), relative bone volume without marrow cavity were also lower in E group. On the contrary, trabecular bone microstructure did not differ significantly between E and C groups. Liver function test showed higher levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase in alcohol-fed mice. Serum calcium, phosphate were significantly lower in E group. According to our study, only changes in compact bone microstructure of mice following one remodeling cycle were observed due to both direct and indirect effects of alcohol.
- MeSH
- ethanol aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- kostní denzita účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- kostní matrix diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
V posledních letech se zřejmě odehrává revoluce v možnostech úprav nejrůznějších genomů, včetně lidského, a jako nejúspěšnější se ukazuje metoda označovaná CRISPR/Cas9. Její použití odhalilo mnoho dříve neznámých způsobů chování informací vyjádřených v nukleových kyselinách, a to nejen v jejich změnách, ale i způsobech jejich šíření. Současně ukázalo i způsoby ovládání těchto procesů, což nabízí nebývalé možnosti jejich využití v lékařství. Pochopitelně upozornilo na případné zneužívání a na nezbytnost vytvoření potřebného etického, ale především právního rámce.
Although different genome editing tools have been around for decades, the recent emergence of cheap, quick, and accessible CRISPR/Cas9 technology has led to a revolution in this field. The technique has the potential to transform medicine from curative into preventive using a gene therapy. An application of genome editing has proven to be effective for both genetic and non-genetic (e.g. infectious) diseases. However, cancer and rare diseases treatment is at the forefront of interest. Concurrently, the legal and ethical frameworks should be discussed, especially as the technology moves towards a modification of the germ cells or embryos. In addition to a precise molecular genetic diagnosis and choosing the best gene therapy approach for a particular individual, an attention should also be paid to the impacts on the entire human population and the next generations. In this review, we summarize the most important applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the field of medicine. Some interesting results from recent years are presented in the context of used approaches and importance for the future developments in medicine. Finally, ethical and legal conditions in relation to different gene editing applications are discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- metoda CRISPR/Cas9, genový drive,
- MeSH
- CRISPR-Cas systémy MeSH
- editace genu * metody využití MeSH
- genetická terapie * metody využití MeSH
- genetické nemoci vrozené patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- nádory patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- parazitární nemoci prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc diagnóza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- dlouhověkost fyziologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- naděje dožití etnologie trendy MeSH
- Parkinsonova nemoc diagnóza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- stárnutí * fyziologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Acrylamide (AA) is a highly reactive organic compound capable of polymerization to form polyacrylamide, which is commonly used throughout a variety of industries. Given its toxic effect on humans and animals, the last 20 years have seen an increased interest in research devoted to the AA. One of the main sources of AA is food. AA appears in heated food following the reaction between amino acids and reduced sugars. Large concentrations of AA can be found in popular staples such as coffee, bread or potato products. An average daily consumption of AA is between 0.3-2.0 microg/kg b.w. Inhalation of acrylamide is related with occupational exposure. AA delivered with food is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450. AA biotransformation and elimination result in formation of toxic glycidamide (GA). Both, AA and GA can be involved in the coupling reaction with the reduced glutathione (GSH) forming glutathione conjugates which are excreted with urine. Biotransformation of AA leads to the disturbance in the redox balance. Numerous research proved that AA and GA have significant influence on physiological functions including signal propagation in peripheral nerves, enzymatic and hormonal regulation, functions of muscles, reproduction etc. In addition AA and GA show neurotoxic, genotoxic and cancerogenic properties. In 1994, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified acrylamide as a potentially carcinogenic substance to human.
- MeSH
- akrylamid farmakokinetika otrava MeSH
- analýza potravin metody MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci ledvin chemicky indukované patofyziologie MeSH
- poškození DNA * MeSH
- rozmnožování účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Acrylamide (AA) is one of the most common toxins in foods. Its effect on bone microstructure has not been investigated. The aim of our study was to analyze the impact of acute exposure to AA on femoral bone microstructure in mice. Adult animals were treated perorally with 2 doses of AA (E1 group, 1 mg/kg b.w.) in a 24-h period and with 3 doses of AA (E2 group, 1 mg/kg b.w.) in a 48-h period. Mice exposed to AA had smaller sizes of primary osteon's vascular canals. Secondary osteons were significantly smaller in mice from E2 group; however their increased number (from 38 % to 77 %) was identified in both E1 and E2 groups. In these groups, a higher number of resorption lacunae (from 100 % to 122 %) was also found. The values for bone volume, trabecular number were increased and that for trabecular separation was decreased in mice administered AA. Significantly higher value of bone surface was observed in mice from E1 group whereas trabecular thickness was increased in E2 group. The effect of AA on microstructure of compact and trabecular bone tissues is different. In our study, one dose of AA was used and acute effects of AA were investigated. Therefore, further studies are needed to study mechanisms by which AA acts on bone.
- MeSH
- akrylamid toxicita MeSH
- femur diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků patologie MeSH
- kontaminace potravin * MeSH
- kortikální kost diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků patologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- rentgenová mikrotomografie MeSH
- trabekulární kostní tkáň diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- exprese genu * MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- genetické jevy MeSH
- genom lidský * MeSH
- genomika * metody MeSH
- genotypizační techniky * MeSH
- geny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely genetické * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- osteoporóza genetika MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA metody MeSH
- sekvenční analýza RNA metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
