BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Moral Incongruence Model of Pornography Use proposes that pornography-use-related problems may be present due to problematic pornography use (PPU) and/or moral disapproval (MD) of pornography use. Despite some supporting empirical evidence, no study has tested the presence of different pornography-use profiles based on individuals' behavioral dysregulation (i.e., PPU) and moral values concerning pornography use. The generalizability of previous findings to diverse populations has also been limited given the scarcity of studies conducted outside of Western countries. METHODS: Using data from the International Sex Survey (42 countries, N = 66,994; Mage = 32.16 years, SD = 12.27), we conducted latent profile analysis to identify pornography-use profiles based on individuals' frequency of use, MD, and PPU. The profiles were compared along a wide range of pornography-use-related, sexuality-related, and psychological correlates. RESULTS: Six pornography-use profiles were identified, including two increased risk groups (i.e., Increased risk of PPU without MD and Increased risk of PPU with some MD). Several factors differentiated between the increased risk vs. no/low risk profiles (e.g., relatedness satisfaction) as well as between the two increased risk profiles (e.g., religiosity). Apart from behavioral dysregulation, moral values concerning pornography use played an important role in distinguishing pornography-use profiles and demonstrated the importance of inquiring about MD when working with individuals with pornography-use-related problems. CONCLUSION: Findings also support recent calls for better-integrated sex therapy and sexual medicine perspectives into pornography-use-related problems research and care.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- erotika * psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mravy * MeSH
- sexuální chování MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite a growing body of research on pornography use among women, there is a lack of understanding of the problematic versus non-problematic nature. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between women's motivations for pornography use and sexual wellbeing using a cross-sectional, self-report survey design among participants from 42 countries. METHODS: The total sample included 82,243 participants, of whom 46,874 (57.0%) identified as women and were analyzed. The participants' age averaged at M = 29.67 years, with a standard deviation of SD = 10.11. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing their motivations for pornography use, as well as measures of sexual functioning, sexual desire, and sexual satisfaction. RESULTS: Study results suggest that across cultures, women's motivations for pornography use are associated with their sexual wellbeing. Specifically, when women reported using pornography for their own pleasure or sexual curiosity, it was associated with fewer sexual functioning problems and higher sexual desire. Conversely, when women reported using pornography due to a lack of sexual satisfaction in their relationships, it was associated with more sexual functioning problems. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the need to consider the multifaceted nature of pornography use among women, including the usage motives, to fully understand associations with sexual wellbeing. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of conducting further research utilizing longitudinal designs, to establish the directionality between pornography use motivations and sexual wellbeing among women.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- erotika * psychologie MeSH
- libido fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- motivace * MeSH
- osobní uspokojení MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- sexuální chování * psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: The three-item Sexual Distress Scale (SDS-3) has been frequently used to assess distress related to sexuality in public health surveys and research on sexual wellbeing. However, its psychometric properties and measurement invariance across cultural, gender and sexual subgroups have not yet been examined. This multinational study aimed to validate the SDS-3 and test its psychometric properties, including measurement invariance across language, country, gender identity, and sexual orientation groups. METHODS: We used global survey data from 82,243 individuals (Mean age=32.39 years; 40.3 % men, 57.0 % women, 2.8 % non-binary, and 0.6 % other genders) participating in the International Sexual Survey (ISS; https://internationalsexsurvey.org/) across 42 countries and 26 languages. Participants completed the SDS-3, as well as questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics, including gender identity and sexual orientation. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a unidimensional factor structure for the SDS-3, and multi-group CFA (MGCFA) suggested that this factor structure was invariant across countries, languages, gender identities, and sexual orientations. Cronbach's α for the unidimensional score was 0.83 (range between 0.76 and 0.89), and McDonald's ω was 0.84 (range between 0.76 and 0.90). Participants who did not experience sexual problems had significantly lower SDS-3 total scores (M = 2.99; SD=2.54) compared to those who reported sexual problems (M = 5.60; SD=3.00), with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.01 [95 % CI=-1.03, -0.98]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The SDS-3 has a unidimensional factor structure and appears to be valid and reliable for measuring sexual distress among individuals from different countries, gender identities, and sexual orientations.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are among the most prevalent mental health issues experienced worldwide. However, whereas cross-cultural studies utilize psychometrically valid and reliable scales, fewer can meaningfully compare these conditions across different groups. To address this gap, the current study aimed to psychometrically assess the Brief Symptomatology Index (BSI) in 42 countries. METHODS: Using data from the International Sex Survey (N = 82,243; Mage = 32.39; SDage = 12.52; women: n = 46,874; 57 %), we examined the reliability of depression and anxiety symptom scores of the BSI-18, as well as evaluated evidence of construct, invariance, and criterion-related validity in predicting clinically relevant variables across countries, languages, genders, and sexual orientations. RESULTS: Results corroborated an invariant, two-factor structure across all groups tested, exhibiting excellent reliability estimates for both subscales. The 'caseness' criterion effectively discriminated among those at low and high risk of depression and anxiety, yielding differential effects on the clinical criteria examined. LIMITATIONS: The predictive validation was not made against a clinical diagnosis, and the full BSI-18 scale was not examined (excluding the somatization sub-dimension), limiting the validation scope of the BSI-18. Finally, the study was conducted online, mainly by advertisements through social media, ultimately skewing our sample towards women, younger, and highly educated populations. CONCLUSIONS: The results support that the BSI-12 is a valid and reliable assessment tool for assessing depression and anxiety symptoms across countries, languages, genders, and sexual orientations. Further, its caseness criterion can discriminate well between participants at high and low risk of depression and anxiety.
- MeSH
- deprese * diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- srovnání kultur * MeSH
- úzkost diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: We analyzed adult ADHD symptoms in a cross-cultural context, including investigating the occurrence and potential correlates of adult ADHD and psychometric examination of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener. METHOD: Our analysis is based on a large-scale research project involving 42 countries (International Sex Survey, N=72,627, 57% women, Mage=32.84; SDage=12.57). RESULTS: The ASRS Screener demonstrated good reliability and validity, along with partial invariance across different languages, countries, and genders. The occurrence of being at risk for adult ADHD was relatively high (21.4% for women, 18.1% for men). The highest scores were obtained in the US, Canada, and other English-speaking Western countries, with significantly lower scores among East Asian and non-English-speaking European countries. Moreover, ADHD symptom severity and occurrence were especially high among gender-diverse individuals. Significant associations between adult ADHD symptoms and age, mental and sexual health, and socioeconomic status were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Present results show significant cross-cultural variability in adult ADHD occurrence as well as highlight important factors related to adult ADHD. Moreover, the importance of further research on adult ADHD in previously understudied populations (non-Western countries) and minority groups (gender-diverse individuals) is stressed. Lastly, the present analysis is consistent with previous evidence showing low specificity of adult ADHD screening instruments and contributes to the current discussion on accurate adult ADHD screening and diagnosis.
Cieľom štúdie bolo porozumieť vzťahom medzi sebaodcudzením, autentickým žitím, akceptáciou externého vplyvu, prežívaním a ignorovaním afektívnych stavov a základnými psychologickými potrebami. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 318 slovenských vysokoškolákov (vek = 22,15; SD = 1,41; 35,5 % žien, 64,5 % mužov). Na analýzu sme použili regresné analýzy pre mužov a ženy. Modely pre mužov a ženy potvrdili svoju významnosť. V skupine žien sa potvrdilo ignorovanie pozitívnych emócií ako významný prediktor sebaodcudzenia. U mužov boli pre sebaodcudzenie významné tri faktory: akceptácia externého vplyvu, frustrácia vo vzťahovej sfére a frustrácia v oblasti kompetencie.
The aim of the study was to explore direct and indirect relationships between self-alienation, authentic living, acceptance of external influence, reliving and ignoring affective states and basic psychological needs. 318 Slovak university students participated in the research (age = 22,15; SD = 1,41; 35,5% women, 64,5% men). For the analysis, we used regression analyzes separately for men and women. Models for men and women confirmed their importance. In the group of women, ignoring positive emotions was confirmed as a significant predictor for self-alienation. For men, there were three factors significant for self-alienation: acceptance of external influence, frustration in the relational sphere and frustration in the field of competence.
The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) is an instrument to screen substance-use-related health risks. However, little is known whether the ASSIST could be further shortened while remaining psychometrically sound across different countries, languages, gender identities, and sexual-orientation-based groups. The study aimed to validate a shortened 11-item ASSIST (ASSIST-11). Using the International Sex Survey data, 82,243 participants (M age = 32.39 years) across 42 countries and 26 languages completed questions from the ASSIST-11 regarding gender identity, sexual orientation, and other information. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup CFA (MGCFA) evaluated the ASSIST-11's structure and tested measurement invariance across groups. Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω were used to examine the internal consistency. Cohen's d and independent t-tests were used to examine known-group validity. The ASSIST-11 was unidimensional across countries, languages, age groups, gender identities (i.e., men, women, and gender-diverse individuals), and sexual orientations (i.e., heterosexual and sexual minority individuals). Cronbach's α was 0.63 and McDonald's ω was 0.68 for the ASSIST-11. Known-group validity was supported by Cohen's d (range between 0.23 and 0.40) with significant differences (p-values<0.001). The ASSIST-11 is a modified instrument with a unidimensional factor structure across different languages, age groups, countries, gender identities, and sexual orientations. The low internal consistency of the ASSIST-11 might be acceptable as it assesses a broad concept (i.e., use of several different substances). Healthcare providers and researchers may use the ASSIST-11 to quickly assess substance-use information from general populations and evaluate the need to follow up with more detailed questions about substance use.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- genderová identita MeSH
- kouření MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek * diagnóza MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- srovnání kultur * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite its inclusion in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, there is a virtual paucity of high-quality scientific evidence about compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), especially in underrepresented and underserved populations. Therefore, we comprehensively examined CSBD across 42 countries, genders, and sexual orientations, and validated the original (CSBD-19) and short (CSBD-7) versions of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale to provide standardized, state-of-the-art screening tools for research and clinical practice. METHOD: Using data from the International Sex Survey (N = 82,243; Mage = 32.39 years, SD = 12.52), we evaluated the psychometric properties of the CSBD-19 and CSBD-7 and compared CSBD across 42 countries, three genders, eight sexual orientations, and individuals with low vs. high risk of experiencing CSBD. RESULTS: A total of 4.8% of the participants were at high risk of experiencing CSBD. Country- and gender-based differences were observed, while no sexual-orientation-based differences were present in CSBD levels. Only 14% of individuals with CSBD have ever sought treatment for this disorder, with an additional 33% not having sought treatment because of various reasons. Both versions of the scale demonstrated excellent validity and reliability. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to a better understanding of CSBD in underrepresented and underserved populations and facilitates its identification in diverse populations by providing freely accessible ICD-11-based screening tools in 26 languages. The findings may also serve as a crucial building block to stimulate research into evidence-based, culturally sensitive prevention and intervention strategies for CSBD that are currently missing from the literature.
Cieľ. Táto štúdia presahuje zistenia predošlých výskumov zameraním sa na mechanizmus frustrácie a naplnenia základných psychologických potrieb, ktorý spája rodičovskú psychologickú kontrolu a podporu autonómie s túžbou po štíhlosti, ktorá je indikátorom dysfunkčného stravovania u chlapcov a dievčat v ranej adolescencii. Súbor a výskumný dizajn. 443 žiakov (47,6 % dievčatá) zo Slovenska poskytlo informácie ohľadne skúmaných premenných pomocou prierezového zberu dát. Hypotézy. Na základe aktuálneho stavu poznania autori predpokladali, že túžba po štíhlosti bude (1) negatívne asociovaná s naplnením základných psychologických potrieb a (2) pozitívne asociovaná s frustráciou základných psychologických potrieb. Ďalej predpokladali, že podpora autonómie (3) zo strany matky a (4) otca bude pozitívne asociovaná s naplnením základných psychologických potrieb. Tiež sa predpokladalo, že psychologická kontrola (5) matky a (6) otca bude pozitívne asociovaná s frustráciou základných psychologických potrieb. Napokon sa očakávalo, že podpora autonómie (7) zo strany matky a (8) otca a psychologická kontrola (9) zo strany matky a (10) otca budú v nepriamom vzťahu s túžbou po štíhlosti. Štatistické analýzy. Bolo realizované modelovanie pomocou štrukturálnych rovníc a model bol štatisticky ekvivalentný pre chlapcov aj dievčatá. Výsledky. Psychologická kontrola matky bola signifikantne asociovaná s frustráciou základných psychologických potrieb, ktorá bola následne asociovaná s túžbou po štíhlosti. Podpora autonómie zo strany matky aj otca vysvetľovala naplnenie základných psychologických potrieb. Limity. Po prvé, mediačný model bol testovaný použitím prierezového dizajnu. Avšak časové usporiadanie skúmaných premenných je zrejmé. Po druhé, hoci sú používané metodiky štandardizované a široko používané v zahraničí, je potrebná ich validácia aj v populácii slovenských adolescentov. Napokon nepresnosti mohli byť spôsobené aj vylúčením časti vzorky z analýz a seba posudzujúcim charakterom údajov.
Objectives. This study aims to expand previous research findings by focusing on the mechanism of the frustration and satisfaction of basic psychological needs that links parental psychological control and autonomy support to the drive for thinness as an indicator of disordered eating among early adolescent boys and girls in Slovakia. Participants and setting. 443 pupils (47.6% girls) reported on the explored variables in a cross-sectional data collection. Hypotheses. The drive for thinness was hypothesised to be (1) negatively associated with the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and (2) positively associated with the frustration of basic psychological needs. Autonomy support from the mother (3) and father (4) was hypothesised to be positively related to basic psychological needs satisfaction. Psychological control from the mother (5) and father (6) was hypothesised to be positively linked to basic psychological needs frustration. Autonomy support from the mother (7) and father (8) and psychological control from the mother (9) and father (10) were also hypothesised to be indirectly associated with the drive for thinness. Statistical analysis. Structural equation modelling was carried out and the model was found to be statistically equivalent for boys and girls. Results. The psychological control from the mother was significantly associated with the frustration of basic psychological needs, which was subsequently associated with the drive for thinness. Autonomy support from the mother and father significantly positively explained the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Limitations. The mediation model was tested using a cross-sectional design. However, the temporal ordering of the examined variables is clear. Furthermore, while the used measures are standardized and widely used abroad, their validation in the population of Slovak adolescents is needed. Other inaccuracies could have been caused by the exclusion of the part of the sample from the analyses and the self-reporting nature of the data.
Kvalita školského a učiteľského líderšipu významne ovplyvňuje ochotu a schopnosť učiteľov implementovať nové školské programy. Skúmanie fidelity implementácie programov z pohľadu úrovne učiteľského líderšipu umožňuje porozumieť ne/ úspešnosti naplnenia cieľov programov. Cieľom štúdie bolo skúmať efekt európskeho programu univerzálnej prevencie užívania návykových látok Unplugged a kvality jeho implementácie na fajčenie, ktoré udávali školáci bezprostredne po implementácii programu. Školská randomizovaná, kontrolovaná štúdia programu bola realizovaná medzi 1420 školákmi. Výsledky preukázali konzumáciou alkoholu moderovaný efekt programu, efekt pretestu, expozície programu, senzitivity (vyhľadávanie nového) na pravdepodobnosť školákmi udávaného fajčenia. Hodnotenie efektívnosti programov prevencie realizovaných v školskej praxi z pohľadu fidelity, kvality implementácie programov a učiteľského íderšipu, precizuje nároky kladené na vedenia škôl v oblasti personálneho a organizačného zabezpečenia aktivít prevencie.
Monitoring the effectiveness and quality of implementing data-based prevention interventions in real life is a challenge for researchers, teachers and leaders of these programs alike. Qualitative implementation indicators of school-based drug prevention programs are related to the extent to which teachers are prepared to serve as program leaders for their pupils during the implementation phase, how ready they are to cooperate with the school community and reach the goals of prevention programs with the support of their schools. Furthermore, exploration of program implementation fidelity focused on the leadership of the teachers would allow greater insight into the successes and failures of reaching the goals of the respective prevention programs. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the Unplugged program and quality of its implementation (exposure, sensitivity) on smoking as reported by school children. This was analysed immediately after implementing the program within a Solomon four group design. A school randomized control trial using the Unplugged program was carried out among schoolchildren at 24 primary schools. Twelve schools were assigned to the experimental group (EG, n = 798, n = 401 EG no pre-test , n = 397 EG pre -test ) while another 12 schools were assigned to the control group (CG, n = 622, n = 298 CG no pre-test , n = 333CG pre -test ). The mean age of the schoolchildren was 13.5 years, SD = 0.59; 47.5 % girls. The sample consisted of 1420 schoolchildren in total. The data collection was carried out im- mediately before implementing the program (experimental and control group with a pre- -test) and then in all the groups immediately after implementation. The consumption of alcohol and smoking during the last 30 days (Hibbel et al., 2012) was dichotomized for the purposes of a binary logistic regression in the analysis. Exposure was measured by the attendance of the program lessons (there were 12 lessons in total). Sensitivity (experience of school children with the program) was assessed by the scale YES 2.0 (Youth experience survey; Hansen & Larson, 2005) which was adapted for the purposes of this study (Štefaňáková, 2020). The results have not supported a direct effect of the Unplugged program on smoking among schoolchildren. However, the results have shown a moderated effect of alcohol use on smoking. 30.8 % of schoolchildren in the control group and 19.6 % of schoolchildren in the experimental group reported both smoking and alcohol use immediately after implementing the program. Alcohol use increased the chance of smoking by 15 times. The effect of a pre-test on smoking was statistically significant and the inverted value of OR showed a double increase in the probability of smoking when the groups without and with a pre-test were compared. The effect of the Unplugged program on smoking in schoolchildren was not found to be moderated by the pre-test. A lower level of exposure increased the probability of reported smoking immediately after implementing the program. Finally, an effect was found regarding a higher level of novelty seeking on the probability of smoking among the schoolchildren who had taken part in the Unplugged program. The results support the importance of considering the co-occurrence of smoking and alcohol consumption. They further bring attention to the importance of exposure to prevention activities in relation to program effectiveness as well as the importance of the effect of a pre-test. The findings further show that the dimension of novelty seeking is a great challenge for teachers in the context of drug use prevention programs and that it is important to support this dimension in a protective manner. Finally, an evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention programs carried out in schools which focuses on fidelity, quality of implementation and teachers’ leadership, clarifies and refines the requirements for school administrations regarding the personal and organizational support needed for prevention activities.
