Anencephaly, a fatal anomaly of the central nervous system, belongs to the group of defects of the neural tube (NTDs). It is considered the most common congenital NTD, characterized by concurrent absence of a significant portion of the brain and cranial vault. This deformity occurs between days 23 and 26 after fertilization due to improper closure of the neural tube at its cranial end. Many genetic, epigenetic, and non-genetic factors (nutritional, environmental and geographical factors, parental socioeconomic status) contribute to the etiology of this disease. Despite significant advances in treatment and preventive measures, NTDs continue to pose a significant health and financial burden on patients and society as a whole. This study aimed to examine the incidence of anencephaly in Slovakia compared to the Czech Republic between 2012 and 2020. The authors seek to elucidate the reasons behind the higher incidence of this disease in Slovakia as compared to the Czech Republic, explore the male predominance of anencephaly in Slovakia, and investigate whether the prevention standards used in Slovakia differ from those employed in other countries (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 129). Keywords: neural tube defects, anencephaly, risk factors, folic acid, food fortification.
- MeSH
- anencefalie * epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- embryonální vývoj MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Iron is critically important and highly regulated trace metal in the human body. However, in its free ion form, it is known to be cytotoxic; therefore, it is bound to iron storing protein, ferritin. Ferritin is a key regulator of body iron homeostasis able to form various types of minerals depending on the tissue environment. Each mineral, e.g. magnetite, maghemite, goethite, akaganeite or hematite, present in the ferritin core carry different characteristics possibly affecting cells in the tissue. In specific cases, it can lead to disease development. Widely studied connection with neurodegenerative conditions is widely studied, including Alzheimer disease. Although the exact ferritin structure and its distribution throughout a human body are still not fully known, many studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms involved in its regulation and pathogenesis. In this review, we try to summarize the iron uptake into the body. Next, we discuss the known occurrence of ferritin in human tissues. Lastly, we also examine the formation of iron oxides and their involvement in brain functions.
- MeSH
- ferritiny metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek metabolismus MeSH
- neurodegenerativní nemoci metabolismus patologie MeSH
- oxidy metabolismus MeSH
- železo metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Iron is very important element for functioning of the brain. Its concentration changes with aging the brain or during disease. The aim of our work was the histological examination of content of ferritin and free iron (unbound) in brain cortex in association with Abeta plaques from their earliest stages of accumulation in amyloid plaque forming APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Light microscopy revealed the onset of plaques formation at 8-monthage. Detectable traces of free iron and no ferritin were found around plaques at this age, while the rate of their accumulation in and around Abeta plaques was elevated at 13 months of age. Ferritin accumulated mainly on the edge of Abeta plaques, while the smaller amount of free iron was observed in the plaque-free tissue, as well as in and around Abeta plaques. We conclude that free iron and ferritin accumulation follows the amyloid plaques formation. Quantification of cortical iron and ferritin content can be an important marker in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
In recent years, the interstitial cells telocytes, formerly known as interstitial Cajal-like cells, have been described in almost all organs of the human body. Although telocytes were previously thought to be localized predominantly in the organs of the digestive system, as of 2018 they have also been described in the lymphoid tissue, skin, respiratory system, urinary system, meninges and the organs of the male and female genital tracts. Since the time of eminent German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, we have known that many pathological processes originate directly from cellular changes. Even though telocytes are not widely accepted by all scientists as an individual and morphologically and functionally distinct cell population, several articles regarding telocytes have already been published in such prestigious journals as Nature and Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The telocyte diversity extends beyond their morphology and functions, as they have a potential role in the etiopathogenesis of different diseases. The most commonly described telocyte-associated diseases (which may be best termed "telocytopathies" in the future) are summarized in this critical review. It is difficult to imagine that a single cell population could be involved in the pathogenesis of such a wide spectrum of pathological conditions as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors ("telocytomas"), liver fibrosis, preeclampsia during pregnancy, tubal infertility, heart failure and psoriasis. In any case, future functional studies of telocytes in vivo will help to understand the mechanism by which telocytes contribute to tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
- MeSH
- antigeny CD34 imunologie MeSH
- fyziologická neovaskularizace MeSH
- homeostáza fyziologie MeSH
- imunofenotypizace MeSH
- intersticiální Cajalovy buňky imunologie patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- regenerace MeSH
- růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor alfa imunologie MeSH
- růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor beta imunologie MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- telocyty imunologie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Hirschsprungova choroba vzniká narušením vývinu, migrácie alebo diferenciácie multipotentných buniek neurálnej lišty (tzv. neurokristopatia), ktoré sa v základe čreva diferencujú na nervové gangliá. Retrospektívne sme analyzovali 130 detských pacientov s morbus Hirschsprung a u vyše 26 % sme zistili ďalšie pridružené morfologické vrodené chyby. Ak k týmto morfologickým anomáliám pripočítame aj nálezy narušenia funkcie štítnej žľazy (kongenitálna hypotyreóza), týmusu (primárne defekty v bunkovej imunite) a neurologické a psychomotorické deficity, vyše polovica pacientov skúmaného súboru mala pridruženú vrodenú anomáliu. Väčšina týchto anomálií sa dá embryologicky vysvetliť narušeným vývinom neurálnej lišty, ktorej multipotentné bunky sú zdrojom širokej palety rôznych bunkových populácií v rôznych častiach tela. V práci opisujeme vzťah medzi vývinom nervových ganglií v čreve a vrodenými chybami týmusu, močovo-pohlavnej sústavy, kongenitálnou hypotyreózou, vrodenými chybami srdca, Downovým syndrómom, kraniofaciálnymi anomáliami a ďalšími. Z našich výsledkov vyplýva, že na Hirschsprungovu chorobu sa neslobodno pozerať len ako na „jednoduchú“ aganglionózu čreva. Vždy treba pátrať aj po ďalších vrodených chybách a malfunkciách orgánov, ktorých embryonálny vývin je ovplyvnený bunkami neurálnej lišty.
Hirschsprung´s disease (HSCR) is the most common congenital gut motility disorder and is characterized by a lack of nerve ganglia (aganglionosis) in a variable length of aboral gut. Hirschsprung´s disease, as a neurocristopathy, has a strong association with numerous other congenital anomalies, syndromes and also functional abnormalities. In our group of examined patients with HSCR the incidence of associated congenital anomalies was 26.1%. But if we also add malfunctions (hypothyroidism, primary defects in cellular immunity, neurological and psychomotor deficit), the rate of the patients with HSCR with additional defects achieves more than 50%. Most of these anomalies are based on disrupt development, migration or differentiation of multipotent neural crest cells during embryogenesis. We describe an embryological relationship among disrupted development of enteric nervous system, and developmental anomalies of the thymus and urinary system, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital heart defects, Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or craniofacial abnormalities. Our results show that Hirschsprung´s disease is not only a simple lack of neurons in aboral part of gut, but associated anomalies and malfunctions may affect numerous organs and may influence many physiological processes.
- Klíčová slova
- neurální lišta,
- MeSH
- buněčná imunita MeSH
- crista neuralis * MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- Downův syndrom epidemiologie MeSH
- embryonální vývoj MeSH
- Hirschsprungova nemoc * epidemiologie etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- komorbidita * MeSH
- kongenitální hypotyreóza epidemiologie MeSH
- kraniofaciální abnormality epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oční nemoci epidemiologie vrozené MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- urogenitální systém patofyziologie MeSH
- vrozené srdeční vady epidemiologie MeSH
- vrozené vady epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
V desiatich stručných bodoch poukazujeme na historické míľniky pri objavovaní funkcie vajíčkovodov, na ich embryologický vývin a najčastejšie vrodené malformácie. Detailne zhŕňame recentné poznatky o ich anatomickej a histologickej stavbe, komentujeme funkcie vajíčkovodov a mechanizmy, ktoré zabezpečujú jeho transportnú funkciu (prúdenie tubárnej tekutiny, kmitanie riasiniek epitelových buniek, pohyby hladkej svaloviny). Záujemcom o problematiku predstavujeme zaujímavú novoobjavenú populáciu buniek podobných Cajalovým bunkám, ktoré môžu zohrávať jednu z centrálnych rôl pri koordinácii jednotlivých parciálnych fyziologických funkcií vajíčkovodov medzi sebou, ako aj s nadriadenými centrami. V posledných troch bodoch komentujeme najčastejšie dôvody alterácie až zlyhania funkcie vajíčkovodov.
Ten brief paragraphs point out to the historical milestones in discovering of a tubal function, their embryological development, and the most common congenital anomalies. We summarize current relevant knowledge of anatomical and histological structure of the Fallopian tubes, comment on tubal transport and mechanisms that ensure them (tubal fluid, oscillation of ciliated epithelial cells, smooth muscle movements). Tubal transport is a precisely timed process, allowing propulsion of the sperm in the opposite direction to the oocyte and embryos, and supporting fertilization and early embryogenesis within the tubal lumen. To those interested in the issue there is presented an interesting newly discovered population of cells, the interstitial Cajal cells-like cells, which, it seems, can play one of the central roles in coordinating of various physiological functions of the uterine tubes. The last three paragraphs comment the most common reasons of alteration and failure of the fallopian tubes (infections, cigarette smoking, and endometriosis).
Vajíčkovody sú často vnímané ako pasívne trubice, ktoré slúžia len na transport oocytu alebo raného embrya smerom do dutiny maternice. Ich úloha je ešte viac nedocenená zavedením techník asistovanej reprodukcie, pri ktorých sa vajíčkovody stávajú „nepotrebné“. Vajíčkovod má však obrovský význam pri zachytení oocytu po ovulácii aj pri selekcii a kontrole transportu spermií. Jedinečné mikroprostredie vajíčkovodu zabezpečuje proces oplodnenia, vyživuje embryo počas raného vývinu a tiež parakrinne prijíma signály od embrya smerom k matke. V našom literárnom prehľade prinášame aktuálny pohľad na funkčnú morfológiu vajíčkovodu. Zameriavame sa na jeho transportnú funkciu, ktorá je daná motilitou svaloviny, pohybom riasiniek epitelových buniek a prúdením tubárnej tekutiny. Opisujeme aj negatívne faktory, ktoré ovplyvňujú transport vo vajíčkovode (chlamýdiové infekcie, fajčenie, endometrióza) s cieľom využitia týchto poznatkov v gynekologickej praxi. Kľúčové slová: vajíčkovod, transport embrya, migrácia spermií, pohyb riasiniek, tubárna neplodnosť.
The Fallopian tube has until recently been a neglected structure, bypassed by in vitro fertilization and seen only as a tube that transports the oocyte or early embryo to the uterus. More recently, its role is even more undervalued after the introduction of techniques of assisted reproduction, in which the Fallopian tubes become like unnecessary. The Fallopian tube performs several important functions. It captures the oocyte after ovulation, maintains and controls the migration of spermatozoa to the site of fertilization. It provides the special microenvironment for fertilization; nourishes the early embryo while it is being carried to the uterus and amplifies signals from embryo to the mother. In our article we conducted a systematic review of relevant articles found in PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Knowledge, focused on the new insights into the functional morphology of Fallopian tube. We described the possible function of muscle layer motility, ciliary activity and tubal fluid movement on transport of gamets / embryo, as well as we mentioned the negative factors (such as smoking, chlamydial infection or endometriosis) affecting the transport through the Fallopian tube. Key-words: Fallopian tube, embryo transport, sperm migration, ciliary transport, tubal infertility.
Hojenie je proces do ktorého sú zapojené rôzne bunky a komponenty extracellulárnej matrix, ktoré vzájomne medzi sebou neustále komunikujú a pôsobia súčastne smerom ku spoločnému cietu. Larvy najčastejšie používanej bzučivky Lucilia (Phaenicia) sericata, alebo tzv greenbottie sa aplikujú do chronických rán za účelom zlepšenia hojenia, ked konvenčná liečba zlyhala. Magott terapia (MDT, larválna terapia, biochirurgická liečba) má nasledujúce 3 prospešné efekty na ranu: očistenie, dezinfekciu a zlepšenie hojenia. Po aplikácii lariev do nekrotickej rany zlepšia hojenie vdaka kombinácii exkretorických/sekretorických (ES) proteáz, ktoré sú zapojene do remodelácie komponentov extracelulárnej matrix (ECM). Larválne ES sú príčinou zmien v adhézii íibroblastov a ich šírení po proteínových povrchoch komponentov extracelulárnej matrix a môžu zasiahnuť do integrity proteínových povrchov, najmä fibronektínu, zatiaľ čo životaschopnost buniek ostane zachovaná.
Wound healing is a collaborative process involving a variety of cells and matrix components which need to interact continually towards a common goal. Lucilia (Phaenicia) sericata larvae, or green bottle fly maggots are applied to chronic wounds to aid healing when conventional "treatments have failed. Maggot therapy (MDT, larval therapy, biochirurgic therapy) has the following three beneficial effects on a wound: debridement, disinfection and enhanced healing. When maggots are introduced into necrotic wound, they potentially influence wound healing events with combination of excretory/ secretory (ES) proteases which are involved in the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Magott ES caused changes in fibroblast adhesion and spreading upon ECM protein surfaces and affected the integrity of the protein surfaces, especially fibronectin, whilst maintaining cell viability.
- Klíčová slova
- Lucilia sericata,
- MeSH
- biologická terapie metody MeSH
- Diptera MeSH
- fibroblasty MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hmyz růst a vývoj MeSH
- hojení ran fyziologie MeSH
- infekce v ráně terapie MeSH
- larva enzymologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nekróza terapie MeSH
- proteasy terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
AIMS: Thymus is the central lymphatic organ in humans with important endocrine function that is involved in maturation of immunocompetent T-lymphocytes. In our study we investigated the relationship among thymus size and the anthropometric dimensions as well as between thymus size and the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood in full-term newborns. METHODS: The examined group consisted of 212 full-term newborns from the region of Southern Slovakia. We examined birth weight, birth body length, head circumference and chest circumference. Thymus size was estimated by ultrasonography and it was expressed as Thymic Index. The number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood was determined from the number of total leukocytes and from the leukogram. RESULTS: We have found a statistically significant positive correlation among thymus size and the body dimensions of newborns. The highest correlation with thymus size was found for birth weight (r = 0.409; P < 0.001) followed by birth body length (r = 0.368; P < 0.001), head circumference (r = 0.365; P < 0.001) and chest circumference (r = 0.340; P < 0.001). We have proven also a statistically significant positive correlation between the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and thymus size (r = 0.208; P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the findings of other authors about a close relationship of Thymic Index and basic body parameters in newborns.
- MeSH
- antropometrie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec krev MeSH
- počet lymfocytů MeSH
- thymus anatomie a histologie MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec krev MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
